Institut des Sciences du Sport (ISSUL) Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Research Team on Vulnerability and Innovation in Sport, EA L-ViS University Lyon1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Apr;29(4):615-622. doi: 10.1111/sms.13384. Epub 2019 Feb 3.
This article questions organizations' (clubs, teams, etc) responsibility in doping use from the case of anti-doping rules violations (ADRVs) sanctioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale in professional cycling. We built a database with 271 caught riders among 10 551 professional riders employed from 2005 to 2016 in the three first world divisions. We developed a time-discrete event history model with a multilevel perspective to consider if the ADRV is related to the characteristic of a rider's career path (level 1) and/or the team by which the rider is employed (level 2). Our results confirm two hypotheses: Beginning a career before 2005 or after the age of 22 increased the risk of being caught. Each additional year in the pack increased the risk, despite the fact that a sanctioned rider's career duration average is 7.8 years (3.9 for the others). These caught riders have experienced a more tumultuous career with team changes and an interrupted path. A 2.45 Median Odds Ratio led us to assert a team effect on ADRV. By a team residual effect calculation, we identify 17 teams with a significant effect within the 129 that experienced an ADRV. Our results allow us to emphasize that to understand doping we must take into account work and employment condition, as well as team's organization. This approach completes the dominant "methodological individualism" perspective that considers athletes as analytical units and provides guidelines to the anti-doping bodies that focus their action on individuals.
本文从国际自行车联盟（UCI）对职业自行车运动中兴奋剂违规行为（ADRV）的处罚案例出发，质疑组织（俱乐部、团队等）在兴奋剂使用方面的责任。我们建立了一个数据库，其中包含 2005 年至 2016 年间在三个世界一级车队中工作的 10551 名职业自行车手中 271 名被抓到的骑手。我们开发了一个具有多层次视角的时间离散事件历史模型，以考虑 ADRV 是否与骑手职业道路的特征（一级）和/或雇佣骑手的团队（二级）有关。我们的结果证实了两个假设：在 2005 年之前或 22 岁之后开始职业生涯会增加被抓到的风险。尽管被处罚的骑手的职业生涯平均持续时间为 7.8 年（其他人则为 3.9 年），但在队伍中每多待一年，风险就会增加。这些被抓到的骑手经历了更动荡的职业生涯，团队变化和职业生涯中断。2.45 的中位数优势比使我们断言团队对 ADRV 有影响。通过团队残差效应的计算，我们在经历 ADRV 的 129 个团队中确定了 17 个有显著影响的团队。我们的结果表明，为了理解兴奋剂问题，我们必须考虑工作和就业条件，以及团队的组织。这种方法补充了占主导地位的“方法论个体主义”观点，该观点将运动员视为分析单位，并为反兴奋剂机构提供指导，使他们将行动集中在个人身上。
