Elliott B C
Department of Human Movement and Recreation Studies, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth.
Sports Med. 1988 Nov;6(5):285-94. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198806050-00004.
Epidemiological studies have indicated that the serve, arguably the most important facet of the game of tennis, is also the most likely stroke to cause injury, particularly to the elbow and back. A review of the kinematic and kinetic studies on the service action fails to clearly identify the reason(s) for these injuries. Data from these studies does, however, allow possible causes of injury to be postulated. Electromyographic data from the prime mover muscles involved in the serve have shown that muscle action was greater for beginners, whose muscles were active for longer periods than those of advanced players. Ground reaction forces associated with different serving techniques were small compared to those recorded from activities involving running or jumping. The potential to cause injury seems to be related to high internal forces (combination of muscle and joint reaction forces), particularly where these forces are associated with poor technique and high segment accelerations. These situations occur when the racket moves behind the body and the vertebral column is laterally flexed and hyperextended. The pronation of the forearm and the forces associated with the swing to the ball, the impact and the early follow through are also factors that have the potential to cause injury. The action of serving induces strains and pressures upon the body. A sensible approach to the number of serves, particularly when practising (overuse), appropriate physical preparation and a technique that does not introduce excessive forces to selected body parts (misuse) will greatly reduce the potential for injury from this activity.
流行病学研究表明，发球作为网球运动中 arguably 最重要的方面，也是最有可能导致受伤的击球动作，尤其是对肘部和背部的损伤。对发球动作的运动学和动力学研究进行综述后，未能明确找出这些损伤的原因。然而，这些研究的数据确实使我们能够推测出可能的受伤原因。参与发球的原动肌的肌电图数据显示，初学者的肌肉动作更大，其肌肉活跃的时间比高级球员更长。与不同发球技术相关的地面反作用力与跑步或跳跃等活动记录的力相比要小。造成损伤的可能性似乎与高内力（肌肉和关节反作用力的组合）有关，特别是当这些力与技术不佳和身体节段高加速度相关时。当球拍移至身体后方且脊柱发生侧屈和过度伸展时，就会出现这种情况。前臂的旋前以及与向球的挥拍、击球和早期随挥相关的力也是有可能导致受伤的因素。发球动作会给身体带来应变和压力。明智地控制发球次数，尤其是在练习时（过度使用），进行适当的身体准备以及采用不会给特定身体部位带来过大力量的技术（误用），将大大降低这项活动造成损伤的可能性。
