Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2019 Jul;43(7):1456-1465. doi: 10.1038/s41366-018-0305-9. Epub 2019 Jan 16.
Higher energy expenditure (EE) is associated with greater food intake, possibly because the human body senses EE and modifies eating behaviors to regulate food intake and ultimately achieve energy balance. As eating behaviors are also influenced by social and cultural factors, any association between EE and eating behavior may differ between ethnicities and sexes.
To assess relationships between EE and eating behavior constructs of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ).
SUBJECTS/METHODS: In all, 307 healthy adults (201 M/106 F, 160 Native Americans) completed the TFEQ and had measures of 24-h EE in a whole-room calorimeter during energy balance. Body composition was assessed by DXA.
On average, adjusted 24-h EE was lower (β = -229 kcal/day, CI: -309 to -148, p < 0.001) but cognitive restraint (Δ = + 1.5; CI: 0.5 to 2.5, p = 0.003) and disinhibition (Δ = + 2.1, CI: 1.3 to 2.8, p < 0.001) scores were higher in women compared with men. In Native Americans, adjusted 24-h EE (β = + 94 kcal/day, CI: 48 to 139, p < 0.001) and disinhibition scores (Δ = + 1.0, CI: 0.1 to 2.0, p = 0.003) were higher compared with other ethnicities. Higher 24-h EE associated with lower cognitive restraint in women (ρ = -0.20, p = 0.04), but not men (p = 0.71; interaction term p = 0.01) with no ethnic differences. Greater 24-h EE associated with higher disinhibition (ρ = 0.20, p = 0.001) and hunger cues (ρ = 0.16, p = 0.004) with no gender differences. These associations were primarily present in non-Native Americans (ρ = 0.23, p = 0.006 and ρ = 0.25, p = 0.003) but not observed in Native Americans (both p > 0.40).
Higher EE is associated with psychological constructs of eating behaviors that favors overeating including lower cognitive restraint, higher dietary disinhibition, and greater susceptibility to hungers cues, supporting the existence of energy-sensing mechanisms influencing human eating behavior. These associations were observed in ethnicities other than Native Americans, possibly explaining the contradictory relationships reported between EE and weight change in different ethnic groups. We propose that increased EE may alter eating behaviors, potentially leading to uncontrolled overeating and weight gain.
更高的能量消耗（EE）与更大的食物摄入量有关，这可能是因为人体感知 EE 并改变饮食行为以调节食物摄入，最终达到能量平衡。由于饮食行为也受到社会和文化因素的影响，EE 与饮食行为之间的任何关联在不同种族和性别之间可能有所不同。
评估 EE 与三因素饮食问卷（TFEQ）的饮食行为结构之间的关系。
对象/方法：共有 307 名健康成年人（201 名男性/106 名女性，160 名美国原住民）在能量平衡期间完成了 TFEQ，并在整个房间热量计中测量了 24 小时 EE。通过 DXA 评估身体成分。
平均而言，调整后的 24 小时 EE 较低（β=-229kcal/天，CI：-309 至-148，p<0.001），但女性的认知约束（Δ=+1.5；CI：0.5 至 2.5，p=0.003）和抑制性（Δ=+2.1，CI：1.3 至 2.8，p<0.001）评分高于男性。在美洲原住民中，调整后的 24 小时 EE（β=+94kcal/天，CI：48 至 139，p<0.001）和抑制性评分（Δ=+1.0，CI：0.1 至 2.0，p=0.003）高于其他种族。较高的 24 小时 EE 与女性的认知约束较低相关（ρ=-0.20，p=0.04），但与男性无关（p=0.71；交互项 p=0.01），且不存在种族差异。较高的 24 小时 EE 与更高的抑制性（ρ=0.20，p=0.001）和饥饿线索（ρ=0.16，p=0.004）相关，且不存在性别差异。这些关联主要存在于非美洲原住民中（ρ=0.23，p=0.006 和 ρ=0.25，p=0.003），但在美洲原住民中没有观察到（两者 p>0.40）。
较高的 EE 与有利于暴饮暴食的饮食行为的心理结构有关，包括较低的认知约束、较高的饮食抑制和对饥饿线索的更大敏感性，这支持了存在影响人类饮食行为的能量感应机制。这些关联在除美洲原住民以外的种族中观察到，这可能解释了不同种族群体中报告的 EE 与体重变化之间的矛盾关系。我们提出，较高的 EE 可能会改变饮食行为，导致无法控制的暴饮暴食和体重增加。
