NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh, UK.
NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Lancaster, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 25;658:1228-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.255. Epub 2018 Dec 18.
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a pioneering piece of legislation that aims to protect and enhance aquatic ecosystems and promote sustainable water use across Europe. There is growing concern that the objective of good status, or higher, in all EU waters by 2027 is a long way from being achieved in many countries. Through questionnaire analysis of almost 100 experts, we provide recommendations to enhance WFD monitoring and assessment systems, improve programmes of measures and further integrate with other sectoral policies. Our analysis highlights that there is great potential to enhance assessment schemes through strategic design of monitoring networks and innovation, such as earth observation. New diagnostic tools that use existing WFD monitoring data, but incorporate novel statistical and trait-based approaches could be used more widely to diagnose the cause of deterioration under conditions of multiple pressures and deliver a hierarchy of solutions for more evidence-driven decisions in river basin management. There is also a growing recognition that measures undertaken in river basin management should deliver multiple benefits across sectors, such as reduced flood risk, and there needs to be robust demonstration studies that evaluate these. Continued efforts in 'mainstreaming' water policy into other policy sectors is clearly needed to deliver wider success with WFD goals, particularly with agricultural policy. Other key policy areas where a need for stronger integration with water policy was recognised included urban planning (waste water treatment), flooding, climate and energy (hydropower). Having a deadline for attaining the policy objective of good status is important, but even more essential is to have a permanent framework for river basin management that addresses the delays in implementation of measures. This requires a long-term perspective, far beyond the current deadline of 2027.
《水框架指令》（WFD）是一项开创性的法规，旨在保护和增强欧洲的水生生态系统，并促进可持续用水。越来越多的人担心，到 2027 年，所有欧盟水域达到良好状态或更高状态的目标，在许多国家还远远没有实现。通过对近 100 名专家的问卷调查分析，我们提出了加强 WFD 监测和评估系统、改进措施方案以及进一步与其他部门政策相结合的建议。我们的分析表明，通过监测网络的战略设计和创新，如地球观测，有很大的潜力来增强评估方案。新的诊断工具可以利用现有的 WFD 监测数据，但采用新的统计和基于特征的方法，更广泛地用于诊断在多种压力下恶化的原因，并为流域管理中的更具证据的决策提供一个层次化的解决方案。人们越来越认识到，流域管理中采取的措施应该在多个部门产生多重效益，例如减少洪水风险，并且需要进行强有力的示范研究来评估这些效益。显然，需要继续努力将水政策“主流化”到其他政策部门，以更广泛地实现 WFD 目标的成功，特别是在农业政策方面。其他需要加强与水政策融合的关键政策领域包括城市规划（废水处理）、洪水、气候和能源（水电）。设定实现良好状态政策目标的最后期限很重要，但更重要的是要有一个永久性的流域管理框架，解决措施实施的延迟问题。这需要一个长期的视角，远远超出当前 2027 年的最后期限。
