Wilson Caroline A, Berger Joel I, de Boer Jessica, Sereda Magdalena, Palmer Alan R, Hall Deborah A, Wallace Mark N
Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Hear Res. 2019 Mar 15;374:13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.009. Epub 2019 Jan 17.
A common method for measuring changes in temporal processing sensitivity in both humans and animals makes use of GaP-induced Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle (GPIAS). It is also the basis of a common method for detecting tinnitus in rodents. However, the link to tinnitus has not been properly established because GPIAS has not yet been used to objectively demonstrate tinnitus in humans. In guinea pigs, the Preyer (ear flick) myogenic reflex is an established method for measuring the acoustic startle for the GPIAS test, while in humans, it is the eye-blink reflex. Yet, humans have a vestigial remnant of the Preyer reflex, which can be detected by measuring skin surface potentials associated with the Post-Auricular Muscle Response (PAMR). A similar electrical potential can be measured in guinea pigs and we aimed to show that the PAMR could be used to demonstrate GPIAS in both species. In guinea pigs, we compare the GPIAS measured using the pinna movement of the Preyer reflex and the electrical potential of the PAMR to demonstrate that the two are at least equivalent. In humans, we establish for the first time that the PAMR provides a reliable way of measuring GPIAS that is a pure acoustic alternative to the multimodal eye-blink reflex. Further exploratory tests showed that while eye gaze position influenced the size of the PAMR response, it did not change the degree of GPIAS. Our findings confirm that the PAMR is a sensitive method for measuring GPIAS and suggest that it may allow direct comparison of temporal processing between humans and animals and may provide a basis for an objective test of tinnitus.
一种用于测量人类和动物时间处理敏感性变化的常用方法是利用镓磷化物诱导的听觉惊吓抑制(GPIAS)。它也是检测啮齿动物耳鸣的一种常用方法的基础。然而,与耳鸣的联系尚未得到妥善确立,因为GPIAS尚未被用于在人类中客观地证明耳鸣。在豚鼠中,普雷耶(耳动)肌源性反射是用于测量GPIAS测试中听觉惊吓的既定方法,而在人类中,则是眨眼反射。然而,人类有普雷耶反射的残留痕迹,可以通过测量与耳后肌反应(PAMR)相关的皮肤表面电位来检测。在豚鼠中也可以测量类似的电位,我们旨在表明PAMR可用于在这两个物种中证明GPIAS。在豚鼠中,我们比较了使用普雷耶反射的耳廓运动测量的GPIAS和PAMR的电位,以证明两者至少等效。在人类中,我们首次确立PAMR提供了一种可靠的测量GPIAS的方法,这是一种纯听觉的替代多模式眨眼反射的方法。进一步的探索性测试表明,虽然眼睛注视位置会影响PAMR反应的大小,但它不会改变GPIAS的程度。我们的研究结果证实PAMR是一种测量GPIAS的敏感方法,并表明它可能允许直接比较人类和动物之间的时间处理,并可能为耳鸣的客观测试提供基础。