Różycka-Tran Joanna, Jurek Paweł, Olech Michał, Piotrowski Jarosław, Żemojtel-Piotrowska Magdalena
Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Department of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jan 9;9:2645. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02645. eCollection 2018.
The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between a perceived antagonistic view of social relations (as a struggle for limited resources), measured by the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) Scale, national military expenditure, and civil liberties. We used multi-level modeling to analyze data on 5,520 participants from 30 countries, testing the hypothesis that a country's level of militarization and civil liberties would be associated with its people's belief in a zero-sum game. We hypothesized that BZSG is more typical of countries that try to gain more resources or defend their interests and thus have high military expenditure but low civil liberties. The results confirmed the stated hypothesis and showed that a country's high military expenditure and low level of civil liberties correlates positively with citizens' BZSG. The use of multi-level modeling to account for within- and across-country variation is a main contribution of the study. In conclusion, the reported triad of individual beliefs, military expenditure, and civil liberties seems to be beneficial in linking individual-level data with national-level indices that have major importance for the wellbeing of the world.
本文旨在研究通过零和博弈信念（BZSG）量表衡量的对社会关系的一种感知到的对抗性观点（即对有限资源的争夺）、国家军事支出与公民自由之间的关系。我们使用多层次建模来分析来自30个国家的5520名参与者的数据，检验一个假设，即一个国家的军事化水平和公民自由与其人民对零和博弈的信念相关。我们假设，BZSG在那些试图获取更多资源或捍卫自身利益、因而军事支出高但公民自由低的国家更为典型。结果证实了所述假设，表明一个国家的高军事支出和低公民自由水平与公民的BZSG呈正相关。使用多层次建模来解释国家内部和国家之间的差异是该研究的一个主要贡献。总之，所报告的个人信念、军事支出和公民自由这三者组合，似乎有助于将个体层面的数据与对世界福祉至关重要的国家层面指标联系起来。
