Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Int J Psychol. 2020 Apr;55(2):144-153. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12568. Epub 2019 Jan 28.
This study examined effortful control and its relations to personality, parenting and well-being in a community sample of Russian preschool children (N = 365, 46% girls) using parent-reported effortful control scale from the very short form of the children's behaviour questionnaire, the inventory of child individual differences-short version, the Alabama parenting questionnaire-preschool revision, the self-reporting questionnaire, and parent and teacher reports on the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. The findings confirmed the four-factor structure of effortful control, including inhibitory control, attentional control, low-intensity pleasure and perceptual sensitivity. Girls demonstrated higher scores than boys on effortful control, perceptual sensitivity, inhibitory control and low-intensity pleasure. Older children scored higher than younger on inhibitory control and perceptual sensitivity and lower on low-intensity pleasure. Gender and age accounted for less than 3% of the variance in effortful control. Effortful control was associated with personality traits of conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness, and with positive emotions and low-negative affect. Higher effortful control was associated with higher levels of prosocial behaviour and lower levels of externalising and internalising problems. Structural modelling showed that the effect of parenting on child prosocial and problem behaviours may be mediated by effortful control.
本研究使用儿童行为问卷的极简短形式、儿童个体差异量表简版、阿拉巴马育儿问卷学前修订版、自我报告问卷以及长处和困难问卷的家长和教师报告，对俄罗斯学龄前儿童（N=365，46%为女孩）的努力控制及其与人格、养育方式和幸福感的关系进行了考察。研究结果证实了努力控制的四因素结构，包括抑制控制、注意力控制、低强度愉悦和感知敏感性。与男孩相比，女孩在努力控制、感知敏感性、抑制控制和低强度愉悦方面的得分更高。年龄较大的儿童在抑制控制和感知敏感性方面的得分高于年龄较小的儿童，在低强度愉悦方面的得分则较低。性别和年龄仅占努力控制差异的不到 3%。努力控制与尽责性、宜人性和开放性等人格特质以及积极情绪和低消极情绪有关。较高的努力控制与较高的亲社会行为水平和较低的外化和内化问题水平有关。结构模型表明，养育方式对儿童亲社会和问题行为的影响可能通过努力控制来中介。
