Quantum biology and human carcinogenesis.

Quantum-mediated effects have been observed in biological systems. We have previously discussed basis-dependent quantum selection as a mechanism for directed adaptive mutation, a process in which selective pressure specifically induces mutation in those genes involved in the adaptive response. Tumor progression in cancer easily lends itself to the adaptive evolutionary perspective, as the Darwinian combination of heritable variations together with selection of the better proliferating variants are believed to play a major role in multistep carcinogenesis. Adaptive mutation may play a role in carcinogenesis; accordingly, we propose that the principles of quantum biology are involved in directed adaptive mutation processes that promote tumor formation. In this paper, we discuss the intersection between quantum mechanics, biology, adaptive evolution, and cancer, and present general models by which adaptive mutation may influence neoplastic initiation and progression. As a potential theoretical and experimental model, we use colorectal cancer. Our model of "quantum cancer" suggests experiments to evaluate directed adaptive mutation in tumorigenesis, and may have important implications for cancer therapeutics.