Self-organized interdependence among populations promotes cooperation by means of coevolution.

We show that self-organized interdependence promotes the evolution of cooperation in interdependent networks. The evolution of connections between networks occurs according to the following rule: if a player often wins against its opponent (regardless of its strategy), it is allowed to form an external link with the corresponding partner in another network to obtain additional benefit; otherwise, the opportunity to increase its benefit is lost. Through numerical simulation, it is unveiled that cooperation can be significantly promoted due to interdependent network reciprocity. Interestingly, the synchronization of evolutionary processes emerges on both networks, and individuals can take advantage of interdependent network reciprocity when both the strategies and the coevolving times in the two networks are synchronous.