Karbowiak Grzegorz, Biernat Beata, Stańczak Joanna, Werszko Joanna, Szewczyk Tomasz, Sytykiewicz Hubert
W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland
Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
Ann Parasitol. 2018;64(4):265-284. doi: 10.17420/ap6404.162.
In the Central European conditions, three species of Babesia have epidemiological significance as human pathogens – Babesia divergens, B. microti and B. venatorum. Tick Ixodes ricinus is considered as their main vector, wild mammals as the animal reservoir. The zoonotic cycles of small and large Babesia differ in details. Due to the lack of transovarial mode transmission in small species B. microti, the circulation goes mainly between immature ticks and vertebrate hosts; pathogen circulates primarily in the cycle: infected rodent → the tick larva → the nymph → the mammal reservoir →the larva of the tick. The tick stages able to effectively infect human are nymphs and adult females, males do not participate in the follow transmission. For large Babesia – B. divergens and B. venatorum, the transovarial and transstadial transmission enable the presence of the agent in adult ticks, moreover, that larvae and nymphs feed on not-susceptible hosts. The tick stages able to effectively infect cattle and other ruminants are adult females. Resuming, pathogen circulates primarily in the cycle the ruminant host – adult female tick – the larva – the nymph – adult female of the next generation – the ruminant. Due to the compound developmental transmission has place after the outflow of a tick began feeding.
在中欧环境下，有三种巴贝斯虫作为人类病原体具有流行病学意义，即分歧巴贝斯虫、微小巴贝斯虫和嗜吞噬细胞无形体。蓖麻硬蜱被认为是它们的主要传播媒介，野生哺乳动物是动物宿主。小型和大型巴贝斯虫的人畜共患病循环在细节上有所不同。由于小型巴贝斯虫微小巴贝斯虫缺乏经卵传播模式，其传播主要发生在未成熟蜱和脊椎动物宿主之间；病原体主要在以下循环中传播：受感染的啮齿动物→蜱幼虫→若虫→哺乳动物宿主→蜱幼虫。能够有效感染人类的蜱阶段是若虫和成年雌蜱，雄蜱不参与后续传播。对于大型巴贝斯虫——分歧巴贝斯虫和嗜吞噬细胞无形体，经卵和经期间传播使病原体能够存在于成年蜱中，此外，幼虫和若虫以不易感宿主为食。能够有效感染牛和其他反刍动物的蜱阶段是成年雌蜱。总之，病原体主要在以下循环中传播：反刍动物宿主——成年雌蜱——幼虫——若虫——下一代成年雌蜱——反刍动物。由于复合发育传播发生在蜱开始吸血之后。
