Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Mar;26(9):8808-8820. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04287-y. Epub 2019 Feb 2.
A comprehensive study was conducted to appraise the concentrations of 30 endocrine disrupting pesticides (EDPs) in soil and vegetable samples collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The sum of 30 EDPs (ΣEDPs) ranged from 192 to 2148 μg kg in the collected soils. The selected EDP concentrations exceeded their respective limits in most of the tested soils and showed great variation from site to site. Similarly, high variations in ΣEDP concentrations were also observed in vegetables with the highest mean concentration in lettuce (28.9 μg kg), followed by radish (26.6 μg kg), spinach (25.7 μg kg), onion (16.2 μg kg), turnip (15.6 μg kg), and garlic (14.7 μg kg). However, EDP levels in all studied vegetables were within FAO/WHO limits. The mean bioconcentration factor values were observed < 1 for all the studied vegetables. The health risk assessment revealed that the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of ΣEDPs associated with vegetable ingestion was below the acceptable risk level (1 × 10), showing no cancer risk to local inhabitants. However, exposure to endocrine disruptor and probable carcinogen heptachlor epoxide poses a potential non-cancer risk (hazard quotient (HQ > 1)) to children through vegetable consumption. The presence of banned EDPs in soils and vegetables of the study area indicates the stability of these legacy chemicals in the environment from over usage in the past or illegal current application for agricultural purposes. Graphical abstract.
对从巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省采集的土壤和蔬菜样本中的 30 种内分泌干扰农药（EDP）的浓度进行了综合评估。采集的土壤中 30 种 EDP 的总和（ΣEDP）范围为 192 至 2148μgkg。在所测试的土壤中，大多数土壤中的选定 EDP 浓度都超过了各自的限量，且表现出了很大的区域性差异。同样，蔬菜中的 ΣEDP 浓度也存在较大差异，生菜中的最高平均浓度（28.9μgkg）最高，其次是萝卜（26.6μgkg）、菠菜（25.7μgkg）、洋葱（16.2μgkg）、芜菁（15.6μgkg）和大蒜（14.7μgkg）。然而，所有研究蔬菜中的 EDP 水平均在粮农组织/世卫组织的限量范围内。所有研究蔬菜的生物浓缩系数平均值均观察到 <1。健康风险评估显示，与食用蔬菜相关的 ΣEDP 增量终生致癌风险（ILCR）低于可接受的风险水平（1×10），表明当地居民不存在癌症风险。然而，通过食用蔬菜，接触内分泌干扰物和可能的致癌物质七氯环氧化物会对儿童造成潜在的非癌症风险（危害系数（HQ>1））。研究区域土壤和蔬菜中存在禁用的 EDP 表明，这些过去过度使用或非法用于农业目的的遗留化学物质在环境中具有稳定性。
