Franklin Associates , A Division of Eastern Research Group , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421-3136 , United States.
Energy Systems Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439-4801 , United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Feb 19;53(4):2238-2248. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05572. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
This study updates the Petroleum Refinery Life Cycle Inventory Model (PRELIM) to provide a more complete gate-to-gate life cycle inventory and to allow for the calculation of a full suite of impact potentials commonly used in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Prior to this update, PRELIM provided results for energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum refineries with a level of detail suitable for most LCA studies in support of policy decisions. We updated the model to add criteria air pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, releases to water, releases to land, and managed wastes reflecting 2014 reported releases and waste management practices using data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, National Emissions Inventory, Discharge Monitoring Reports, and Toxic Release Inventory together with process unit capacities and fuel consumption data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (U.S. EIA). The variability of refinery subprocess release factors is characterized using log-normal distributions with parameters set based on the distribution of release factors across facilities. The U.S. EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Environmental Impacts life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method is used together with the updated inventory data to provide impact potentials in the PRELIM dashboard interface. Release inventories at the subprocess level enable greater responsiveness to variable selection within PRELIM, such as refinery configuration, and allocation to specific refinery products. The updated version also provides a template to allow users to import PRELIM inventory results into the openLCA software tool as unit process data sets. Here we document and validate the model updates. Impact potentials from the national crude mix in 2014 are compared to impacts from the 2005 mix to demonstrate the impact of assay and configuration on the refining sector over time. The expanded version of PRELIM offers users a reliable, transparent, and streamlined tool for estimating the effect of changes in petroleum refineries on LCIA results in the context of policy analysis.
本研究对石油精炼厂生命周期清单模型（Prelim）进行了更新，以提供更完整的全过程生命周期清单，并能够计算生命周期评估（LCA）研究中常用的全套影响潜力。在此之前，Prelim 提供了石油精炼厂能源使用和温室气体排放的结果，其详细程度适合大多数支持政策决策的 LCA 研究。我们更新了模型，以添加标准空气污染物、危险空气污染物、水释放、土地释放和管理废物，反映了 2014 年报告的释放量和废物管理实践，使用了来自美国环境保护署温室气体报告计划、国家排放清单、排放监测报告和有毒物质释放清单的数据，以及来自美国能源信息管理局（U.S. EIA）的工艺单元容量和燃料消耗数据。炼油厂子过程释放因子的变异性采用对数正态分布进行描述，参数根据设施之间的释放因子分布设定。美国环保局化学品和环境影响减少和评估工具（TRACI）生命周期影响评估（LCIA）方法与更新的清单数据一起使用，在 PRELIM 仪表板界面中提供影响潜力。子过程级别的排放清单使 PRELIM 能够更好地响应变量选择，例如炼油厂配置和分配给特定炼油厂产品。更新后的版本还提供了一个模板，允许用户将 PRELIM 清单结果导入 openLCA 软件工具作为单元过程数据集。本文记录并验证了模型更新。2014 年国产混合原油的影响潜力与 2005 年混合原油的影响潜力进行了比较，以展示随着时间的推移，分析和配置对炼油行业的影响。扩展后的 PRELIM 为用户提供了一个可靠、透明和简化的工具，用于估计石油精炼厂变化对政策分析背景下 LCA 结果的影响。
