Rezaeinia Salimeh, Nasseri Simin, Binesh Masoud, Dezfuli Farid Ghalambor, Abdolkhani Safieh, Gholami Mitra, Jaafarzadeh Neamat
1Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2018 Sep 19;16(2):265-275. doi: 10.1007/s40201-018-0315-5. eCollection 2018 Dec.
Application of the point-of-use water treatment (POU-WT) systems has consistently increased during the last decade in Iran. In this study, the qualitative performances of reverse osmosis-based POU devices in selected cities of Iran were investigated.
This applied- descriptive study was conducted in three cities of Tehran, Rasht, and Ahvaz in 2016 (selected based on the level of POU devices sale index in three phases). After choosing the most popular five brands of six stages POU devices, 360 water sampling zones and POU consumer households of the selected cities were measured. Also, the awareness of the consumers about POU-WT systems selection and performance was investigated through a designed questionnaire.
The qualitative parameters in the three cities were acceptable ( < 0.05) for tap water (except for EC in Ahvaz), the output water were as follows: pH = 6.05-7.5, EC = 49.8-58.2 μs/cm, TOC = 0.01-0.23 mg/L and Nitrate = 0.52-4.5 mg/LNO (lower or within the range of regulatory limits), Total Hardness = 33-41.5 mg/L and Fluoride = 0.01-0.23 mg/L (which were lower than the admissible limit, with < 0.05), HPC values were in the range of 543-676 CFU/mL, which exceeded the regulatory level. Results of ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between the selected cities. The results of the questionnaire survey showed that the dissatisfaction of tap water quality and health-related concerns were the two main reasons for household POU-WT systems; awareness levels of 64% of these households about the performances of their POU systems were weak. Also, social media were mostly used by POU-WT users for brand selected.
Based on the results of the tap-water quality application of POU-WT systems are not recommended in Tehran and Rasht, and regarding the outputs of these systems, side effects of softened water, lack of Fluoride and a remarkable increase of the number of bacteria should be considered. In Ahvaz, application of POU-WT systems can decrease the health-related problems and it is necessary to increase the access to read POU-WT efficiency information for the consumers.
在过去十年中，伊朗的终端净水（POU-WT）系统的应用一直在持续增加。在本研究中，对伊朗部分城市中基于反渗透的POU设备的质量性能进行了调查。
这项应用描述性研究于2016年在德黑兰、拉什特和阿瓦士三个城市进行（根据三个阶段的POU设备销售指数水平进行选择）。在选定六个阶段POU设备中最受欢迎的五个品牌后，对选定城市的360个水样采集区域和POU消费者家庭进行了检测。此外，通过设计的问卷对消费者关于POU-WT系统选择和性能的认知情况进行了调查。
三个城市的自来水的质量参数（阿瓦士的电导率除外）均合格（P<0.05），产出水的情况如下：pH值=6.05 - 7.5，电导率=49.8 - 58.2μs/cm，总有机碳=0.01 - 0.23mg/L，硝酸盐=0.52 - 4.5mg/L NO（低于或在监管限值范围内），总硬度=33 - 41.5mg/L，氟化物=0.01 - 0.23mg/L（低于可接受限值，P<0.05），异养菌平板计数（HPC）值在543 - 676CFU/mL范围内，超过了监管水平。方差分析结果显示选定城市之间存在显著差异。问卷调查结果表明，自来水水质不满意和健康相关担忧是家庭使用POU-WT系统的两个主要原因；这些家庭中有64%对其POU系统性能的认知水平较低。此外，POU-WT用户大多通过社交媒体来选择品牌。
基于自来水水质结果，不建议在德黑兰和拉什特使用POU-WT系统，考虑到这些系统的产出，应考虑软化水的副作用、氟化物缺乏以及细菌数量显著增加的问题。在阿瓦士，应用POU-WT系统可以减少与健康相关的问题，并且有必要增加消费者获取POU-WT效率信息的途径。
