Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Health Institutes of Turkey, Turkish Cancer Institute, Istanbul, Turkey.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1144:133-146. doi: 10.1007/5584_2019_339.
In the past decade a number of different stem cell types have entered the clinical applications increasingly as a therapeutic option, due to their tissue maintenance capacity at the site where they localize. Although it was initially thought that conferral of resilience to damaged tissue largely depends on the stem cells themselves through orchestration of signaling among the local epithelial and immune systems at the injury site, recent findings point out that the remarkable regenerative capacity of stem cells is rather due to their nanovesicular products that emerge as the new active players of tissue repair processes. Among these extracellular vesicles exosomes generated particularly by stem cells have been receiving a substantial interest both in the fields of stem cell biology and extracellular vesicles. In this chapter fundamental facts about stem cell biology, biogenesis of extracellular vesicles and exosomes, their structure, and function are summarized. Moreover, properties of both tumor-derived exosomes as well as those derived from stem cells are discussed relatively in-depth in terms of their influence on proximal and distal tissue physiology. Last but not the least, among countless studies in an exploding field, we summarize those that attempt to unravel the complex signaling networks through which stem cell-derived exosomes alter the fate of differentiating stem cells as well as the molecular make-up of exosomes released from differentiating stem cells by conducting thorough proteomic and genomic analyses with the ultimate goal of identifying effector gene products mediating exosomal cues in stem cell biology.
在过去的十年中，由于其在定位部位的组织维持能力，许多不同的干细胞类型逐渐成为治疗选择而进入临床应用。尽管最初人们认为赋予损伤组织的弹性主要取决于干细胞本身，通过在损伤部位的局部上皮和免疫系统之间协调信号，但最近的发现指出，干细胞的显著再生能力主要是由于它们的纳米囊泡产物，这些产物成为组织修复过程的新的活性参与者。在这些细胞外囊泡中，特别是由干细胞产生的外泌体，在干细胞生物学和细胞外囊泡领域都受到了极大的关注。本章总结了关于干细胞生物学、细胞外囊泡和外泌体的生物发生、它们的结构和功能的基本事实。此外，还相对深入地讨论了肿瘤来源的外泌体和干细胞来源的外泌体的特性，就它们对近端和远端组织生理学的影响而言。最后但并非最不重要的是，在这个爆炸式发展的领域中，我们总结了那些试图通过对干细胞衍生的外泌体改变分化干细胞命运的复杂信号网络以及通过彻底的蛋白质组学和基因组学分析来识别介导干细胞生物学中外泌体线索的效应基因产物的研究，最终目标是确定。
