College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China.
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China.
Chemosphere. 2019 May;222:688-695. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.151. Epub 2019 Jan 29.
Metformin has been widely used as an oral drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, its consumption can be influenced by many economic and social factors. In this study, we investigated the spatial consumption pattern of metformin in China through wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach. Influent wastewater samples were collected from 21 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 19 cities of the northeast China. A method using solid-phase extraction combined with N-Methyl-bis (trifluoroacetamide) derivatization for GC-MS detection was applied for metformin analysis. In 21 days, metformin showed high stability in wastewater at 24 °C and -20 °C. The mean concentrations of metformin in all WWTPs ranged from 2.42 μg L to 53.6 μg L. The consumption of metformin was 0.66-15.6 mg d capita with the mean value of 5.54 ± 4.28 mg d capita. The prevalence of metformin ranged from 0.09% to 2.10% with an average of 0.74%. Both the consumption and prevalence of metformin displays significant spatial variations in northeast China. A statistical correlation analysis indicated that the consumption of metformin increases with the decrease of per capita disposable income of urban residents. To further predict the use of metformin in China, we developed a regress model and depicted a consumption map. The annual consumption of urban residents in Chinese provinces range from 1085-63,828 kg yr with mean value of 25,347 kg yr, which would provide a certain reference value for public health care and diabetes control.
二甲双胍已被广泛用作治疗糖尿病的口服药物。然而，其消费受到许多经济和社会因素的影响。在这项研究中，我们通过基于废水的流行病学（WBE）方法研究了中国二甲双胍的空间消费模式。从中国东北 19 个城市的 21 个污水处理厂采集进水水样。采用固相萃取结合 N-甲基-双（三氟乙酰胺）衍生化 GC-MS 检测方法进行二甲双胍分析。在 21 天内，二甲双胍在 24°C 和-20°C 下的废水中具有高稳定性。所有污水处理厂的二甲双胍平均浓度范围为 2.42μg/L 至 53.6μg/L。二甲双胍的消耗量为 0.66-15.6mg/d·人，平均值为 5.54±4.28mg/d·人。二甲双胍的检出率范围为 0.09%-2.10%，平均值为 0.74%。二甲双胍的消耗和检出率在中国东北均呈现显著的空间差异。统计相关性分析表明，二甲双胍的消耗量随着城镇居民人均可支配收入的降低而增加。为了进一步预测中国二甲双胍的使用情况，我们建立了回归模型并绘制了消耗图。中国各省城镇居民的年消耗量范围为 1085-63828kg/yr，平均值为 25347kg/yr，这将为公共卫生保健和糖尿病控制提供一定的参考价值。
