Zheng Yueyue, Shao Yongjian, Zhang Yinan, Liu Zhiquan, Zhao Zirui, Xu Ranyun, Ding Jiafeng, Li Wenbing, Wang Binhao, Zhang Hangjun
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
Toxics. 2024 Jul 2;12(7):483. doi: 10.3390/toxics12070483.
The use of human and veterinary drugs has led to the accumulation of pharmaceuticals in various aquatic environments at progressively increasing levels, exhibiting strong ecological risks. Metformin is widely used as a first-line prescription drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as a livestock drug. Unlike other drugs, metformin is not metabolized in the body, and almost all of its intake is excreted and released into the aquatic environment via urine and feces, causing adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. This review provides an overview of the occurrence and detection of metformin in the aquatic environment and its toxic effects on different aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, rotifers, chlorella). Metformin has been documented in a variety of aqueous environments such as wastewater, surface water, and groundwater as well as drinking water. The wide distribution of metformin in the aqueous environment calls for the development of more accurate detection methods. This paper reviews detection methods for metformin in the aqueous environment and evaluates their advantages and disadvantages. Toxicity studies have shown that metformin can cause adverse reactions in fish, such as oxidative stress, genotoxicity, disruption of intestinal flora, and morphological alterations; it also affects the growth and reproduction of small aquatic organisms. Knowledge gaps in the field of metformin research were assessed, and future research priorities were identified.
人类和兽药的使用已导致各种水生环境中药物的积累，且积累水平不断上升，呈现出强烈的生态风险。二甲双胍被广泛用作治疗2型糖尿病的一线处方药以及兽药。与其他药物不同，二甲双胍在体内不被代谢，其摄入的几乎全部药物都会通过尿液和粪便排泄并释放到水生环境中，对水生生态系统造成不利影响。本综述概述了水生环境中二甲双胍的存在与检测情况及其对不同水生生物（鱼类、水蚤、轮虫、小球藻）的毒性作用。二甲双胍已在多种水环境中被记录，如废水、地表水、地下水以及饮用水。二甲双胍在水环境中的广泛分布要求开发更准确的检测方法。本文综述了水环境中二甲双胍的检测方法，并评估了它们的优缺点。毒性研究表明，二甲双胍会在鱼类中引发不良反应，如氧化应激、遗传毒性、肠道菌群紊乱和形态改变；它还会影响小型水生生物的生长和繁殖。评估了二甲双胍研究领域的知识空白，并确定了未来的研究重点。
