Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.
Cell Microbiol. 2019 Apr;21(4):e13016. doi: 10.1111/cmi.13016. Epub 2019 Mar 7.
Membrane bilayers of eukaryotic cells are an amalgam of lipids and proteins that distinguish organelles and compartmentalise cellular functions. The mammalian cell has evolved mechanisms to sense membrane tension or damage and respond as needed. In the case of the plasma membrane and phagosomal membrane, these bilayers act as a barrier to microorganisms and are a conduit by which the host interacts with pathogens, including fungi such as Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, or Histoplasma species. Due to their size, morphological flexibility, ability to produce long filaments, secrete pathogenicity factors, and their potential to replicate within the phagosome, fungi can assault host membranes in a variety of physical and biochemical ways. In addition, the recent discovery of a fungal pore-forming peptide toxin further highlights the importance of membrane biology in the outcomes between host and fungal cells. In this review, we discuss the apparent "stretching" of membranes as a sophisticated biological response and the role of vesicular transport in combating membrane stress and damage. We also review the known pathogenicity factors and physical properties of fungal pathogens in the context of host membranes and discuss how this may contribute to pathogenic interactions between fungal and host cells.
真核细胞的膜双层是脂质和蛋白质的混合物，它区分细胞器并分隔细胞功能。哺乳动物细胞已经进化出感知膜张力或损伤的机制，并根据需要做出反应。在质膜和吞噬体膜的情况下，这些双层作为微生物的屏障，并作为宿主与病原体相互作用的途径，包括真菌，如念珠菌、隐球菌、曲霉或组织胞浆菌。由于其大小、形态灵活性、产生长丝的能力、分泌致病性因子的能力以及在吞噬体中复制的潜力，真菌可以通过多种物理和生化方式攻击宿主膜。此外，最近发现一种真菌孔形成肽毒素进一步强调了膜生物学在宿主和真菌细胞之间的结果中的重要性。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了作为一种复杂生物反应的膜的明显“拉伸”，以及囊泡运输在对抗膜应激和损伤中的作用。我们还回顾了宿主膜中真菌病原体的已知致病性因子和物理特性，并讨论了这如何有助于真菌和宿主细胞之间的致病相互作用。
