Dose Optimization of Colistin Combinations against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from Patients with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in China by Using an Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model.

Colistin-based combination therapy has become an important strategy to combat the carbapenem-resistant (CRAB). However, the optimal dosage regimen selection for the combination with maximum efficacy is challenging. Checkerboard assay was employed to evaluate the synergy of colistin in combination with meropenem, rifampin, fosfomycin, and minocycline against nine carbapenem-resistant isolates (MIC of meropenem [MIC], ≥32 mg/liter) isolated from Chinese hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) patients. A static time-kill assay, dynamic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model, and semimechanistic PK/PD modeling were conducted to predict and validate the synergistic effect of the most efficacious combination. Both checkerboard and static time-kill assays demonstrated the superior synergistic effect of the colistin-meropenem combination against all CRAB isolates. In the PK/PD model, the dosage regimen of 2 g meropenem daily via 3-h infusion combined with steady-state 1 mg/liter colistin effectively suppressed the bacterial growth at 24 h with a 2-log decrease, compared with the initial inocula against two CRAB isolates. The semimechanistic PK/PD model predicted that more than 2 mg/liter colistin combined with meropenem (2 g, 3-h infusion) was required to achieve the killing below the limit of detection (<LOD; i.e., 1 logCFU/ml) at 24 h with an MIC of ≥32 mg/liter. Colistin combined with meropenem exerted synergistic killing against CRAB even with an MIC of ≥32 mg/liter and MIC of colistin (MIC) of ≤1 mg/liter. However, it is predicted that a higher concentration of colistin combined with meropenem was crucial to kill bacteria to <LOD. Our study provides important PK/PD information for optimization of the colistin and meropenem combination against CRAB.