Miyamoto Kei
Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
J Reprod Dev. 2019 Jun 14;65(3):203-208. doi: 10.1262/jrd.2019-002. Epub 2019 Feb 9.
Maternal factors stored in eggs and oocytes are necessary for reprogramming sperm for embryonic development. This reprogramming activity of maternal factors also works towards somatic cells, including terminally differentiated cells. Several different experimental systems utilizing egg and oocyte materials have been applied to study nuclear reprogramming by maternal factors. Among these systems, the most widely used is the transfer of a somatic cell nucleus to an oocyte arrested at the metaphase II stage, leading to the production of a cloned animal. Nuclear transfer to an unfertilized oocyte thus provides a unique opportunity to examine reprogramming processes involved in acquiring totipotency. Other experimental systems are also available to study maternal reprogramming, such as nuclear transfer to Xenopus laevis oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage, treatment with extracts obtained from eggs or oocytes, and induced pluripotency with overexpressed maternal factors. Each system can be used for answering different types of scientific questions. This review describes currently available reprogramming systems using egg and oocyte materials and discusses how we can deepen our understanding of reprogramming mechanisms by taking advantage of these various experimental systems.
卵子和卵母细胞中储存的母体因子对于重编程精子以进行胚胎发育是必需的。母体因子的这种重编程活性也作用于体细胞，包括终末分化细胞。几种利用卵子和卵母细胞材料的不同实验系统已被应用于研究母体因子介导的核重编程。在这些系统中，使用最广泛的是将体细胞细胞核转移到处于减数第二次分裂中期的卵母细胞中，从而产生克隆动物。因此，将细胞核转移到未受精的卵母细胞中为研究获得全能性所涉及的重编程过程提供了独特的机会。也有其他实验系统可用于研究母体重编程，例如将细胞核转移到非洲爪蟾处于生发泡期的卵母细胞中、用从卵子或卵母细胞中获得的提取物进行处理，以及用过量表达的母体因子诱导多能性。每个系统都可用于回答不同类型的科学问题。本综述描述了目前可用的利用卵子和卵母细胞材料的重编程系统，并讨论了我们如何通过利用这些各种实验系统来加深对重编程机制的理解。
