Markotter W, Coertse J
Rev Sci Tech. 2018 Aug;37(2):385-400. doi: 10.20506/rst.37.2.2809.
Bats (order Chiroptera) are the principal reservoir host for 14 of the 16 officially recognised lyssavirus species. Rabies virus is the only lyssavirus that is well established in terrestrial carnivores (worldwide), as well as bats (but only in the Americas). The other bat lyssaviruses occur only outside the Americas. They have a distinct geographical distribution and association with specific bat species, with limited cross-species transmission to other animals and humans, resulting in deadend infections. The nucleoprotein gene is well conserved between all lyssavirus species. Therefore, gold-standard diagnostic techniques detect all lyssaviruses but do not discriminate between viral species. Lyssaviruses are divided into at least three phylogroups, based on their immunogenic and phylogenic properties. Owing to the diversity of glycoproteins among phylogroups, rabies vaccines and immunoglobulins only provide protection against phylogroup I, excluding several of the bat lyssaviruses. Africa hosts a high diversity of lyssaviruses, leading to the hypothesis that this region was the site of emergence; however, this has been challenged by more recent phylogenetic analysis, suggesting a Palearctic origin. Serological evidence indicates a more widespread and even higher diversity of lyssaviruses in bats, suggesting that the incidence of known lyssaviruses is underestimated and several new lyssavirus species are yet to be discovered. Most bats are, however, not able to transmit the virus and therefore pose a low risk to human and animal populations.
蝙蝠（翼手目）是16种官方认可的狂犬病病毒属病毒中14种的主要储存宿主。狂犬病病毒是唯一在陆生食肉动物（全球范围内）以及蝙蝠（但仅在美洲）中广泛存在的狂犬病病毒属病毒。其他蝙蝠狂犬病病毒仅在美洲以外地区出现。它们具有独特的地理分布，并与特定的蝙蝠种类相关联，跨物种传播到其他动物和人类的情况有限，只会导致终端感染。所有狂犬病病毒属病毒的核蛋白基因都高度保守。因此，金标准诊断技术可检测出所有狂犬病病毒属病毒，但无法区分病毒种类。根据其免疫原性和系统发育特性，狂犬病病毒属病毒至少可分为三个系统发育群。由于各系统发育群之间糖蛋白的多样性，狂犬病疫苗和免疫球蛋白仅能提供针对系统发育群I的保护，无法抵御几种蝙蝠狂犬病病毒。非洲拥有高度多样的狂犬病病毒属病毒，这引发了该地区是病毒起源地的假说；然而，最近的系统发育分析对这一假说提出了挑战，表明其起源于古北区。血清学证据表明，蝙蝠体内狂犬病病毒属病毒的分布更为广泛，多样性甚至更高，这表明已知狂犬病病毒属病毒的发病率被低估，还有几种新的狂犬病病毒属病毒有待发现。然而，大多数蝙蝠无法传播病毒，因此对人类和动物群体构成的风险较低。
