Sudan-β-d-glucuronides and their use for the histochemical localization of β-glucuronidase activity in transgenic plants.

Synthesis of five different Sudan-β-D-glucuronides (I, II, III, IV, and RedB) was performed by condensation of a set of red Sudan diazo dyes with methyl (1-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-trichloroacetimidoyl-α-D-glucopyran)uronate. After the acid and alcohol groups had been deprotected, the resulting compounds were used for histochemical localization of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in transgenic plants (Petunia hybrida, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Nicotiana tabacum) that contained the GUS reporter system. Because the cleavage of the β-glucuronide results in the liberation of an insoluble Sudan dye, Sudan substrates gave no diffusion artifacts as described for the commonly used 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide (X-gluc). A comparison of assays with different Sudan glucuronides and X-gluc demonstrated that the SudanIV variant is a valuable glucuronide substrate for the precise histochemical localization of GUS activity in transgenic plants.