Blaszkiewicz Magdalena, Willows Jake W, Johnson Cory P, Townsend Kristy L
Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
Biology (Basel). 2019 Feb 12;8(1):10. doi: 10.3390/biology8010010.
Brown and white adipose tissues are essential for maintenance of proper energy balance and metabolic health. In order to function efficiently, these tissues require both endocrine and neural communication with the brain. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as the inducible brown adipocytes that appear in white adipose tissue (WAT) after simulation, are thermogenic and energy expending. This uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated process requires input from sympathetic nerves releasing norepinephrine. In addition to sympathetic noradrenergic signaling, adipose tissue contains sensory nerves that may be important for relaying fuel status to the brain. Chemical and surgical denervation studies of both WAT and BAT have clearly demonstrated the role of peripheral nerves in browning, thermogenesis, lipolysis, and adipogenesis. However, much is still unknown about which subtypes of nerves are present in BAT versus WAT, what nerve products are released from adipose nerves and how they act to mediate metabolic homeostasis, as well as which cell types in adipose are receiving synaptic input. Recent advances in whole-depot imaging and quantification of adipose nerve fibers, as well as other new research findings, have reinvigorated this field of research. This review summarizes the history of research into adipose innervation and brain⁻adipose communication, and also covers landmark and recent research on this topic to outline what we currently know and do not know about adipose tissue nerve supply and communication with the brain.
棕色脂肪组织和白色脂肪组织对于维持适当的能量平衡和代谢健康至关重要。为了有效发挥功能，这些组织需要与大脑进行内分泌和神经通讯。棕色脂肪组织（BAT）以及在受到刺激后出现在白色脂肪组织（WAT）中的诱导性棕色脂肪细胞具有产热和消耗能量的作用。这种由解偶联蛋白1（UCP1）介导的过程需要来自释放去甲肾上腺素的交感神经的输入。除了交感去甲肾上腺素能信号传导外，脂肪组织还含有感觉神经，这些感觉神经可能对于将燃料状态传递给大脑很重要。对WAT和BAT进行的化学和手术去神经研究已经清楚地证明了外周神经在脂肪褐变、产热、脂肪分解和脂肪生成中的作用。然而，关于BAT与WAT中存在哪些神经亚型、脂肪神经释放哪些神经产物以及它们如何介导代谢稳态，以及脂肪中的哪些细胞类型正在接受突触输入，仍有许多未知之处。全库脂肪神经纤维成像和定量方面的最新进展以及其他新的研究发现，为该研究领域注入了新的活力。这篇综述总结了脂肪神经支配和脑-脂肪通讯的研究历史，还涵盖了关于该主题的标志性研究和最新研究，以概述我们目前对于脂肪组织神经供应以及与大脑通讯的了解和未知之处。
