Shuster Stephen M, Pyzyna Brandy, Mayer Loretta P, Dyer Cheryl A
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
Senestech, Inc., 3140 N Caden Court, Suite #1, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA.
Heliyon. 2018 Nov 29;4(11):e00943. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00943. eCollection 2018 Nov.
We illustrate a method for delaying and possibly eliminating the evolution of non-responsiveness to the treatments now used to control pest populations. Using simulations and estimates of the variance in relative fitness, i.e., the opportunity for selection, in a rat-like mammal, we show that the selection responsible for the evolution of non-responsiveness to pesticides and sterility-inducers, is similar in its action to sexual selection, and for this reason can be orders of magnitude stronger than that which exists for untreated populations. In contrast, we show that when contraceptives are used to reduce the fertility of a pest species, with non-responders embedded within such populations, the opportunity for selection favoring non-responsiveness is reduced to that which is expected by chance alone. In pest species with separate sexes, we show that efforts to control pest populations or to mitigate selection favoring non-responsiveness, are likely to be ineffective when members of one sex are sterilized or killed. We also show that while mating preferences can impede the rate at which resistance evolves, they are more likely to accelerate this process, arguing against the use of sterile male approaches for controlling pests. Our results suggest that contraceptives are more effective at controlling pest populations and slowing the evolution of non-responsiveness than treatments that cause sterilization or death in target species. Furthermore, our results indicate that contraceptives that work differentially on each sex will be most effective in mitigating selection favoring non-responders. Our results have significant implications for the development and application of treatments to manage pests, now and into the future.
我们阐述了一种方法，可延缓甚至可能消除目前用于控制害虫种群的治疗方法出现无反应性演变的情况。通过对一种类似大鼠的哺乳动物的相对适合度方差（即选择机会）进行模拟和估计，我们发现，导致对杀虫剂和不育诱导剂产生无反应性演变的选择，其作用类似于性选择，因此可能比未处理种群中存在的选择强几个数量级。相比之下，我们表明，当使用避孕药具来降低害虫物种的繁殖力，且种群中存在无反应个体时，有利于无反应性的选择机会会降至仅由随机因素所预期的水平。在具有两性的害虫物种中，我们表明，当对其中一性别的个体进行绝育或捕杀时，控制害虫种群或减轻有利于无反应性的选择的努力可能会无效。我们还表明，虽然交配偏好可能会阻碍抗性演变的速度，但它们更有可能加速这一过程，这表明反对使用不育雄性方法来控制害虫。我们的结果表明，与导致目标物种绝育或死亡的治疗方法相比，避孕药具在控制害虫种群和减缓无反应性演变方面更有效。此外，我们的结果表明，对两性作用不同的避孕药具在减轻有利于无反应个体的选择方面将最为有效。我们的结果对现在及未来害虫管理治疗方法的开发和应用具有重要意义。
