Thoresen Siri, Birkeland Marianne Skogbrott, Arnberg Filip K, Wentzel-Larsen Tore, Blix Ines
Research Professor,Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies,Norway.
Senior Researcher,Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies,Norway.
BJPsych Open. 2019 Jan;5(1):e2. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2018.74.
Trauma and traumatic bereavement have well-known consequences for mental health, but little is known about long-term adjustment, particularly with respect to health-protective factors.AimsTo assess the levels of anxiety/depression and perceived social support among the survivors and the bereaved 26 years after the Scandinavian Star ferry disaster compared with expected levels from the general population.
Anxiety/depression and social support were assessed in face-to-face interviews with the survivors and the bereaved (N = 165, response rate 58%). Expected scores were calculated for each participant based on the means and proportions for each age and gender combination from a general population sample. We computed the ratio between expected and observed scores, standardised mean differences with 95% confidence intervals and standardised effect sizes.
We found an elevated level of anxiety/depression symptoms in the victims (Mdiff = 0.28, 95% CI 0.18, 0.38; effect size 0.43, 95% CI 0.31, 0.55) and a significant excess of individuals with a clinically significant level of symptoms. The observed level of perceived social support was significantly lower than that expected (Mdiff = -0.57, 95% CI -0.70, -0.44; effect size -0.73, 95% CI -0.89, -0.57). This was the case for both survivors and those who were bereaved and for both men and women.
This study reveals that disaster survivors and the bereaved reported elevated levels of anxiety and depression symptoms 26 years after the event. They also reported a markedly reduced level of social support. Traumas and post-traumatic responses may thus cause lasting harm to interpersonal relationships.Declaration of interestNone.
创伤和创伤性丧亲之痛对心理健康有众所周知的影响，但对于长期调适情况，尤其是健康保护因素方面，我们知之甚少。
评估斯堪的纳维亚之星渡轮灾难发生26年后幸存者和丧亲者的焦虑/抑郁水平以及感知到的社会支持情况，并与普通人群的预期水平进行比较。
通过面对面访谈对幸存者和丧亲者（N = 165，应答率58%）进行焦虑/抑郁和社会支持评估。根据普通人群样本中每个年龄和性别组合的均值和比例，为每位参与者计算预期得分。我们计算了预期得分与观察得分之间的比率、95%置信区间的标准化平均差异以及标准化效应量。
我们发现受害者的焦虑/抑郁症状水平有所升高（Mdiff = 0.28，95% CI 0.18, 0.38；效应量0.43，95% CI 0.31, 0.55），且有临床显著症状水平的个体明显过多。观察到的感知社会支持水平显著低于预期（Mdiff = -0.57，95% CI -0.70, -0.44；效应量 -0.73，95% CI -0.89, -0.57）。幸存者和丧亲者以及男性和女性均是如此。
本研究表明，灾难发生26年后，灾难幸存者和丧亲者报告的焦虑和抑郁症状水平有所升高。他们还报告社会支持水平明显降低。因此，创伤和创伤后反应可能会对人际关系造成持久伤害。
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