Lovibond P F
School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Biol Psychol. 1988 Oct;27(2):79-93. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(88)90043-9.
This paper first reviews the research on predictive validity in animal conditioning, and the informational theories deriving from this research. The major section of the paper examines the role of predictive validity, and thus the applicability of informational theories, in two major human learning paradigms: causal judgement and Pavlovian conditioning. There is more empirical support for informational theories in the causal judgement literature than in the conditioning literature. It is argued that judgement of predictive or causal relationships in humans is governed by processes similar to those governing conditioning in animals, and that the question of whether the same processes operate in human conditioning has not yet been adequately tested. Such a test would require joint measurement of predictive judgements and conditioned responding in a design which manipulates predictive validity independently of contiguity; it may also require a task which explicitly or implicitly restricts predictive judgements to the experimentally designated stimuli.
本文首先回顾了动物条件作用中预测效度的研究，以及源于该研究的信息理论。本文的主要部分考察了预测效度的作用，以及信息理论在两种主要的人类学习范式中的适用性：因果判断和巴甫洛夫条件作用。与条件作用文献相比，因果判断文献中对信息理论的实证支持更多。有人认为，人类对预测或因果关系的判断受与动物条件作用中相同的过程支配，而相同的过程是否在人类条件作用中起作用这一问题尚未得到充分检验。这样的检验需要在一个独立于接近性来操纵预测效度的设计中联合测量预测判断和条件反应；它可能还需要一个明确或隐含地将预测判断限制在实验指定刺激上的任务。
