Neuroimmune interactions in the airways: implications for asthma, allergy, and other inflammatory airway diseases.

Recent evidence suggests that several bioactive polypeptides, among them substance P, neurokinin A, and calcitonin gene-related peptide, are contained in tracheobronchial C-fibers. These peptides can be released from the lung by irritant chemicals or local inflammatory mediators like histamine or bradykinin. Substance P mimics the increase in vascular permeability caused by vagal nerve stimulation and neurokinin A mimics noncholinergic bronchoconstriction by vagal nerve stimulation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide displays vasodilator activity. Experiments carried out with sensitized guinea pigs showed a contribution of tracheobronchial C-fibers to the anaphylactic response. Additionally, capsaicin, which in high concentration selectively blocks sensory C-fibers, was found to be effective in treatment of hyperreactive rhinopathy (vasomotor rhinitis). It is concluded that peptide mediators released from tracheobronchial C-fibers may contribute to the pathophysiology of various allergic or inflammatory airway diseases.