A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
Mikrochim Acta. 2019 Feb 14;186(3):172. doi: 10.1007/s00604-018-3168-9.
This review (with 230 refs.) covers recent progress in rapid optical assays for heavy metals (primarily lead and mercury as the most relevant) based on the use of nanoparticles and receptor molecules. An introduction surveys the importance, regulatory demands (such as maximum permissible concentrations) and potential and limitations of various existing methods. This is followed by a general discussion on the use of nanoparticles in optical assays of heavy metals (including properties, basic mechanisms of signal generation). The next sections cover methods for the functionalization of nanoparticles with (a) sulfur-containing compounds (used for modification of nanoparticles or added to the reaction medium), (b) nitrogen-containing compounds (such as amino acids, polypeptides, and heterocyclic molecules), and (c) oxygen-containing species (such as hydroxy and carbonyl compounds). This is continued by a specific description of specific assays based on the use of aptamers as receptors, on the use of deoxyribozymes as synthetic reaction catalysts, of G-quadruplex aptamers, of aptamers in logic gate-type of assays of linear (unstructured) aptamers ("hairpins"), and on the use of aptamers in lateral flow assays. A next section covers assays based on the employment of antibodies as receptors (used in the immunoassay development). The properties of various nanoparticles and their applicability in optical assays are also discussed in some detail. Final sections discuss the selectivity of assays, potential interferences by other cations, methods for their elimination, and also matrix effects and approaches for sample pretreatment. A concluding section discusses current challenges and future trends. Analysis based on enzyme inhibition assay is not treated here but enzyme-like action of some receptor molecules such as DNAzymes is discussed. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of main principles of application of various nanoparticles with receptor molecules (S-, N-, O-containing, heterocyclic compounds, proteins, antibody, aptamers) for heavy metals ions detection. The included methods cover optical assays with description of mechanisms of interactions and signal generation.
本文综述（引用 230 篇参考文献）涵盖了基于使用纳米粒子和受体分子的重金属（主要是铅和汞作为最相关的）快速光学分析方法的最新进展。引言调查了各种现有方法的重要性、监管要求（如最大允许浓度）以及潜在和局限性。接下来是关于在重金属光学分析中使用纳米粒子的一般讨论（包括性质、信号产生的基本机制）。接下来的几节涵盖了用（a）含硫化合物（用于修饰纳米粒子或添加到反应介质中）、（b）含氮化合物（如氨基酸、多肽和杂环分子）和（c）含氧物种（如羟基和羰基化合物）对纳米粒子进行功能化的方法。接下来，具体描述了基于使用适体作为受体的特定测定法、使用脱氧核酶作为合成反应催化剂的方法、G-四链体适体的方法、线性（无结构）适体的逻辑门型测定法中的适体的方法（“发夹”），以及适体在横向流动测定法中的应用。下一节涵盖了基于使用抗体作为受体的测定法（用于免疫测定法的开发）。还详细讨论了各种纳米粒子的性质及其在光学分析中的适用性。最后几节讨论了测定法的选择性、其他阳离子的潜在干扰、消除它们的方法、基质效应以及样品预处理方法。最后一节讨论了当前的挑战和未来的趋势。这里没有处理基于酶抑制测定法的分析，但讨论了一些受体分子（如 DNA 酶）的酶样作用。
