Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
Department of Pediatrics, eXtraOrdinary Kids Turner Syndrome Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2019 Mar;181(1):126-134. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31687. Epub 2019 Feb 14.
Individuals with Turner syndrome (TS) are at risk for a constellation of neurocognitive and psychosocial differences, although there is significant individual variability in these features. TS is associated with an increased risk for difficulties with visual-spatial reasoning, visual-spatial memory, attention, executive functioning, motor, and math skills. Additionally, increased rates of social difficulties, anxiety, and depression are observed. There can be significant interplay between all of these factors contributing to the behavioral phenotype. Neuropsychological features and previous research are reviewed. Clinical considerations and recommendations for evaluation and treatment of psychological and behavioral difficulties are provided, including consideration of medical features in TS, as well as therapies, educational supports, and medication treatment. Future research is needed to evaluate effectiveness of different treatments for neuropsychological and psychosocial features of TS, including modification and validation of existing evidence-based treatments and new approaches to care.
特纳综合征（Turner syndrome，TS）患者存在一系列神经认知和社会心理差异的风险，尽管这些特征存在显著的个体差异。TS 与视觉空间推理、视觉空间记忆、注意力、执行功能、运动和数学技能方面的困难有关。此外，还观察到社交困难、焦虑和抑郁的发生率增加。所有这些因素之间可能存在显著的相互作用，从而导致行为表型的出现。本文综述了神经心理学特征和以往的研究。提供了对心理和行为障碍评估和治疗的临床考虑和建议，包括考虑 TS 中的医学特征，以及治疗、教育支持和药物治疗。需要进一步的研究来评估不同治疗方法对 TS 的神经心理学和社会心理特征的有效性，包括对现有基于证据的治疗方法的修改和验证，以及对新的治疗方法的探索。
