Ceccarelli Daniela, Kant Arie, van Essen-Zandbergen Alieda, Dierikx Cindy, Hordijk Joost, Wit Ben, Mevius Dik J, Veldman Kees T
Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.
Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, Netherlands.
Front Microbiol. 2019 Feb 4;10:76. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00076. eCollection 2019.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) genes confer resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporin's. The spread of these genes is mostly facilitated by plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer. National surveillance activities to detect ESBL/pAmpC-producers in commensal bacteria from livestock are in place in the Netherlands since several years. This study aimed at reporting gene and plasmid diversity of commensal ESBL/pAmpC-producing isolated from healthy animals during surveillance activities between 2007 and 2017. A collection of 2304 extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) isolated from feces of broilers, dairy cattle, slaughter pigs, turkeys, ducks, and veal calves was investigated and ESBL/pAmpC genes were determined. Gene location of a selection of 473 isolates was determined and typing of plasmids linked to the ESBL/pAmpC genes was performed. Twenty-two different ESBL/pAmpC genes were identified with being the most prevalent gene in livestock (43.7%), followed by and , independent of the animal source. Prevalence of typically human associated was highest in cattle. Less than 10% isolates owed their ESC-R phenotype to promoter mutations of the chromosomal gene. Majority (92%) of ESBL/pAmpC genes analyzed were plasmid located, with IncI1α being the most represented plasmid family in isolates from all animals, followed by IncF (veal calves, dairy cattle and slaughter pigs), IncK (broilers and laying hens), IncX1 in broilers, and emerging IncX3 in broilers and dairy cattle. Prevalence and molecular diversity of ESC-R isolated from livestock over an 11-year period revealed a composite scenario of gene-plasmid combinations.
超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）和质粒介导的AmpCβ-内酰胺酶（pAmpC）基因可赋予对超广谱头孢菌素的耐药性。这些基因的传播主要通过质粒介导的水平转移来促进。荷兰多年来一直在开展国家监测活动，以检测家畜共生菌中的ESBL/pAmpC产生菌。本研究旨在报告2007年至2017年监测活动期间从健康动物中分离出的共生ESBL/pAmpC产生菌的基因和质粒多样性。对从肉鸡、奶牛、屠宰猪、火鸡、鸭和犊牛粪便中分离出的2304株耐超广谱头孢菌素（ESC-R）菌株进行了研究，并确定了ESBL/pAmpC基因。确定了473株菌株的基因定位，并对与ESBL/pAmpC基因相关的质粒进行了分型。鉴定出22种不同的ESBL/pAmpC基因，其中 是家畜中最常见的基因（43.7%），其次是 和 ，与动物来源无关。典型的人类相关 的流行率在牛中最高。不到10%的菌株其ESC-R表型归因于染色体 基因的启动子突变。分析的ESBL/pAmpC基因大多数（92%）位于质粒上，其中IncI1α是所有动物分离株中最具代表性的质粒家族，其次是IncF（犊牛、奶牛和屠宰猪）、IncK（肉鸡和蛋鸡）、肉鸡中的IncX1以及肉鸡和奶牛中出现的IncX3。11年间从家畜中分离出的ESC-R菌株的流行率和分子多样性揭示了基因-质粒组合的复杂情况。
