Doster Mark A, Michailides Themis J
Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis/Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier 93648.
Plant Dis. 2007 Dec;91(12):1657-1662. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1657.
Fig cultivars grown in California typically have two crops, although the first crop may be unimportant commercially. The first crop, also known as the breba crop, ripens in late spring and early summer, whereas the main or second crop ripens in late summer. For both cultivars studied, Conadria and Calimyrna, the first-crop figs typically are left in the orchard unharvested. First-crop figs had relatively high levels of fungal decay and tended to have more fungal decay than main-crop figs, especially Alternaria rot (caused by Alternaria alternata and Ulocladium atrum). At least 16 different Aspergillus spp. were found decaying first-crop figs. Fig smut, a serious disease caused by Aspergillus niger and related fungi, usually was present at approximately the same level in first-crop and main-crop figs. Aspergillus spp. known to produce the mycotoxins aflatoxin or ochratoxin were found decaying first-crop figs. Aflatoxin was detected in first-crop figs at low levels similar to those detected in the main-crop figs. Because the abundant spores produced on the first-crop figs can infect main-crop figs, the fungal decay of first-crop figs might result in higher levels of decay for main-crop figs.
在加利福尼亚种植的无花果品种通常有两季收成，不过第一季收成在商业上可能并不重要。第一季收成，也被称为早熟果收成，在春末和夏初成熟，而主要的或第二季收成在夏末成熟。对于所研究的两个品种，康纳德里亚（Conadria）和卡里米尔纳（Calimyrna），第一季收成的无花果通常留在果园不进行采摘。第一季收成的无花果真菌腐烂水平相对较高，并且往往比第二季收成的无花果有更多的真菌腐烂，尤其是链格孢属腐烂（由链格孢菌和黑附球菌引起）。至少发现有16种不同的曲霉属物种使第一季收成的无花果腐烂。无花果黑曲霉病，一种由黑曲霉和相关真菌引起的严重病害，通常在第一季收成和第二季收成的无花果中出现的程度大致相同。已知会产生霉菌毒素黄曲霉毒素或赭曲霉毒素的曲霉属物种被发现使第一季收成的无花果腐烂。在第一季收成的无花果中检测到的黄曲霉毒素水平较低，与在第二季收成的无花果中检测到的水平相似。由于第一季收成的无花果上产生的大量孢子会感染第二季收成的无花果，第一季收成的无花果的真菌腐烂可能会导致第二季收成的无花果有更高的腐烂水平。
