Postprandial distress syndrome: stratification and management.

Functional dyspepsia (FD), defined by the Rome consensus as the presence of functional symptoms originating from the gastroduodenum, is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders. FD is subdivided into postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), with meal-related symptoms such as postprandial fullness and early satiation, and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), with meal-unrelated symptoms such as epigastric pain or burning. We used a literature search for a narrative review on the current state of knowledge regarding PDS. Areas covered: Epidemiological studies support PDS as a separate entity and the biggest FD subgroup. The pathophysiology of PDS is heterogeneous, and disorders of gastric sensorimotor function as well as low grade duodenal inflammation have been implicated. Although prokinetic agents may provide the most pathophysiology-oriented treatment option, there is a paucity of suitable agents, and proton pump inhibitors are the traditional first-line therapy. Other options include agents that enhance gastric accommodation, such as acotiamide and 5-HT agonists, neuromodulators such as mirtazapine, and traditional medicine approaches. Expert commentary: PDS is highly prevalent, with probably heterogeneous underlying pathophysiology. Motility modifying agents and neuromodulators are the cornerstone of PDS therapy, but there is a need for high quality studies of new therapeutic approaches.