Division of Human Nutrition and Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Nutr J. 2019 Feb 21;18(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12937-019-0435-5.
Grain legumes are appreciated for their contribution to dietary protein and micronutrient intake in addition to their benefits in providing income and replenishing soil fertility. They offer potential benefits in developing countries where future food demand is increasing and both undernutrition and overweight co-exist. We studied the current and potential role of grain legumes on protein, both quantity and quality, and micronutrient adequacy in the diet of rural Ghanaian infants and young children.
Energy and nutrient (including amino acids) intakes of breastfed children of 6-8 months (n=97), 9-11 months (n=97), 12-23 months (n=114), and non-breastfed children of 12-23 months (n=29) from Karaga district in Northern Ghana were assessed using a repeated quantitative multi-pass 24-hour recall method. Food-based dietary guidelines that cover nutrient adequacy within the constraints of local current dietary patterns were designed using the linear programming software Optifood (version 4.0.9, Optifood©). Optifood was also used to evaluate whether additional legumes would further improve nutrient adequacy.
We found that 60% of the children currently consumed legumes with an average portion size of 20 g per day (cooked) contributing more than 10% of their total protein, folate, iron and niacin intake. The final sets of food-based recommendations included legumes and provided adequate protein and essential amino acids but insufficient calcium, iron, niacin and/or zinc among breastfed children and insufficient calcium, vitamin C, vitamin B12 and vitamin A among non-breastfed children. The sets of food-based recommendations combined with extra legumes on top of the current dietary pattern improved adequacy of calcium, iron, niacin and zinc but only reached sufficient amounts for calcium among breastfed children of 6-8 months old.
Although legumes are often said to be the 'meat of the poor' and current grain legume consumption among rural children contribute to protein intake, the main nutritional benefit of increased legume consumption is improvement of micronutrient adequacy. Besides food-based recommendations, other interventions are needed such as food-based approaches and/or fortification or supplementation strategies to improve micronutrient adequacy of infants and young children in rural Ghana.
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Institutional Review Board (NMIMR-IRB CPN 087/13-14).
谷物豆类不仅能提供收入并补充土壤肥力，还能为膳食蛋白质和微量营养素的摄入做出贡献，因此受到人们的重视。在未来粮食需求不断增加且营养不良和超重现象并存的发展中国家，谷物豆类具有潜在的益处。本研究旨在探讨谷物豆类对加纳农村婴幼儿膳食中蛋白质（包括数量和质量）和微量营养素充足性的当前和潜在作用。
采用重复定量多次 24 小时回忆法评估加纳北部卡拉加区 6-8 个月（n=97）、9-11 个月（n=97）、12-23 个月（n=114）龄母乳喂养婴儿和 12-23 个月龄非母乳喂养婴儿的能量和营养素（包括氨基酸）摄入量。利用线性规划软件 Optifood（版本 4.0.9，Optifood©）设计了涵盖当地当前饮食模式限制下的营养素充足性的基于食物的膳食指南。还利用 Optifood 评估了增加豆类是否会进一步改善营养充足性。
我们发现，目前有 60%的儿童食用豆类，平均每天食用 20 克（煮熟），其提供的蛋白质、叶酸、铁和尼克酸摄入量超过总摄入量的 10%。最终的基于食物的推荐方案包括豆类，并为母乳喂养儿童提供了充足的蛋白质和必需氨基酸，但钙、铁、尼克酸和/或锌摄入不足；而非母乳喂养儿童钙、维生素 C、维生素 B12 和维生素 A 摄入不足。在当前饮食模式的基础上增加豆类的基于食物的推荐方案提高了钙、铁、尼克酸和锌的充足性，但仅使 6-8 个月龄母乳喂养儿童的钙摄入量达到充足水平。
尽管豆类常被称为“穷人的肉”，且目前农村儿童的谷物豆类摄入量可满足蛋白质的摄入需求，但增加豆类摄入量的主要营养益处是改善微量营养素的充足性。除了基于食物的推荐方案外，还需要采取其他干预措施，如基于食物的方法和/或强化或补充策略，以改善加纳农村婴幼儿的微量营养素充足性。
恩戈齐纪念医学研究所机构审查委员会（NMIMR-IRB CPN 087/13-14）。
