Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2019 Aug;94(4):1261-1281. doi: 10.1111/brv.12500. Epub 2019 Feb 21.
Butterflies display extreme variation in wing shape associated with tremendous ecological diversity. Disentangling the role of neutral versus adaptive processes in wing shape diversification remains a challenge for evolutionary biologists. Ascertaining how natural selection influences wing shape evolution requires both functional studies linking morphology to flight performance, and ecological investigations linking performance in the wild with fitness. However, direct links between morphological variation and fitness have rarely been established. The functional morphology of butterfly flight has been investigated but selective forces acting on flight behaviour and associated wing shape have received less attention. Here, we attempt to estimate the ecological relevance of morpho-functional links established through biomechanical studies in order to understand the evolution of butterfly wing morphology. We survey the evidence for natural and sexual selection driving wing shape evolution in butterflies, and discuss how our functional knowledge may allow identification of the selective forces involved, at both the macro- and micro-evolutionary scales. Our review shows that although correlations between wing shape variation and ecological factors have been established at the macro-evolutionary level, the underlying selective pressures often remain unclear. We identify the need to investigate flight behaviour in relevant ecological contexts to detect variation in fitness-related traits. Identifying the selective regime then should guide experimental studies towards the relevant estimates of flight performance. Habitat, predators and sex-specific behaviours are likely to be major selective forces acting on wing shape evolution in butterflies. Some striking cases of morphological divergence driven by contrasting ecology involve both wing and body morphology, indicating that their interactions should be included in future studies investigating co-evolution between morphology and flight behaviour.
蝴蝶的翅膀形状表现出极端的变异，与巨大的生态多样性有关。对于进化生物学家来说，解开翅膀形状多样化中中性与适应性过程的作用仍然是一个挑战。确定自然选择如何影响翅膀形状的进化，需要将形态与飞行性能联系起来的功能研究，以及将野外性能与适应性联系起来的生态研究。然而，形态变异与适应性之间的直接联系很少得到证实。蝴蝶飞行的功能形态已经得到了研究，但是对飞行行为和相关翅膀形状的选择压力却受到较少关注。在这里，我们试图估计通过生物力学研究建立的形态功能联系的生态相关性，以了解蝴蝶翅膀形态的进化。我们调查了自然选择和性选择驱动蝴蝶翅膀形状进化的证据，并讨论了我们的功能知识如何能够确定宏观和微观进化尺度上涉及的选择压力。我们的综述表明，尽管已经在宏观进化水平上建立了翅膀形状变化与生态因素之间的相关性，但潜在的选择压力往往仍不清楚。我们认为有必要在相关的生态背景下调查飞行行为，以检测与适应性相关的特征的变化。然后，确定选择机制应该指导实验研究以获得相关的飞行性能估计。栖息地、捕食者和性别特异性行为可能是蝴蝶翅膀形状进化的主要选择压力。一些由对比的生态驱动的形态趋异的显著案例涉及翅膀和身体形态，这表明在未来研究形态和飞行行为之间的共同进化时，应该将它们的相互作用包括在内。
