Yorinori J T, Paiva W M, Frederick R D, Costamilan L M, Bertagnolli P F, Hartman G E, Godoy C V, Nunes J
Embrapa Soja, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
CRIA, Capitán Miranda, Paraguay.
Plant Dis. 2005 Jun;89(6):675-677. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0675.
In 5 March 2001, a severe rust outbreak was recorded at Pitapó, Paraguay, and the causal organism was determined to be Phakopsora pachyrhizi using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis. In May, rust surveys showed spread throughout most of Paraguay and into western and northern Parana, Brazil. In the 2001-02 season, rust was widespread in Paraguay, but losses were reduced due to severe drought; however, in Brazil it spread to more than 60% of the soybean acreage, causing field losses estimated at 0.1 million metric tons (MMT). In 2003, the disease was observed in more than 90% of the fields in Brazil, and the projected losses in Mato Grosso and Bahia alone are 2.2 MMT (US$487.3 million). Approximately 80% of the soybean acreage in Brazil was sprayed twice with fungicides at the cost of US$544 million. Differences in efficacy have been observed among the commercial strobilurin and triazol fungicides.
2001年3月5日，巴拉圭的皮塔波记录到严重的锈病爆发，通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和DNA序列分析确定致病生物为大豆锈病菌。5月，锈病调查显示该病蔓延至巴拉圭大部分地区，并扩散到巴西的巴拉那西部和北部。在2001 - 2002季，锈病在巴拉圭广泛传播，但由于严重干旱损失有所减少；然而，在巴西锈病蔓延至超过60%的大豆种植面积，造成田间损失估计达10万吨。2003年，该病在巴西90%以上的田地被观测到，仅马托格罗索州和巴伊亚州预计损失就达220万吨（4.873亿美元）。巴西约80%的大豆种植面积被两次喷洒杀菌剂，花费5.44亿美元。在商业用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类和三唑类杀菌剂中已观察到效果差异。
