Dasgupta Krishnakali, Jeong Juhee
New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York, New York.
Genesis. 2019 May;57(5):e23288. doi: 10.1002/dvg.23288. Epub 2019 Mar 13.
The meninges are membranous layers surrounding the central nervous system. In the head, the meninges lie between the brain and the skull, and interact closely with both during development. The cranial meninges originate from a mesenchymal sheath on the surface of the developing brain, called primary meninx, and undergo differentiation into three layers with distinct histological characteristics: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. While genetic regulation of meningeal development is still poorly understood, mouse mutants and other models with meningeal defects have demonstrated the importance of the meninges to normal development of the calvaria and the brain. For the calvaria, the interactions with the meninges are necessary for the progression of calvarial osteogenesis during early development. In later stages, the meninges control the patterning of the skull and the fate of the sutures. For the brain, the meninges regulate diverse processes including cell survival, cell migration, generation of neurons from progenitors, and vascularization. Also, the meninges serve as a stem cell niche for the brain in the postnatal life. Given these important roles of the meninges, further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying meningeal development can provide novel insights into the coordinated development of the head.
脑膜是围绕中枢神经系统的膜状层。在头部，脑膜位于脑和颅骨之间，在发育过程中与两者密切相互作用。颅脑膜起源于发育中脑表面的间充质鞘，称为原始脑膜，并分化为具有不同组织学特征的三层：硬脑膜、蛛网膜和软脑膜。虽然脑膜发育的基因调控仍知之甚少，但具有脑膜缺陷的小鼠突变体和其他模型已证明脑膜对颅盖骨和脑正常发育的重要性。对于颅盖骨，与脑膜的相互作用是早期发育过程中颅盖骨成骨进展所必需的。在后期，脑膜控制颅骨的形态和缝线的命运。对于脑，脑膜调节多种过程，包括细胞存活、细胞迁移、祖细胞产生神经元以及血管生成。此外，脑膜在出生后作为脑的干细胞微环境。鉴于脑膜的这些重要作用，进一步研究脑膜发育的分子机制可为头部的协调发育提供新的见解。
