Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.
Adelaide Zoo, Zoos South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
PLoS One. 2019 Feb 27;14(2):e0208674. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208674. eCollection 2019.
Psittacid Adenovirus-2 (PsAdv-2) was identified in captive orange-bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogastor) during a multifactorial cluster of mortalities at the Adelaide Zoo, South Australia, and an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia at the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment captive breeding facility, Taroona, Tasmania. This was the first time that an adenovirus had been identified in orange-bellied parrots and is the first report of PsAdv-2 in Australia. To investigate the status of PsAdv-2 in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots, 102 healthy birds from five breeding facilities were examined for the presence of PsAdv-2 DNA in droppings and/or cloacal swabs using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Additionally, eight birds released to the wild for the 2016 breeding season were similarly tested when they were recaptured prior to migration to be held in captivity for the winter. PsAdv-2 was identified in all breeding facilities as well as the birds recaptured from the wild. Prevalence of shedding ranged from 29.7 to 76.5%, demonstrating that PsAdv-2 is endemic in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots and that wild parrots may have been exposed to the virus. PsAdv-2 DNA was detected in both cloacal swabs and faeces of the orange-bellied parrots, but testing both samples from the same birds suggested that testing faeces would be more sensitive than cloacal swabs. PsAdv-2 was not found in other psittacine species housed in nearby aviaries at the Adelaide Zoo. The source of the infection in the orange-bellied parrots remains undetermined. In this study, PsAdv-2 prevalence of shedding was higher in adult birds as compared to birds less than one year old. Preliminary data also suggested a correlation between adenovirus shedding prevalence within the breeding collection and chick survival.
鹦鹉腺病毒 2 型（PsAdv-2）在南澳大利亚阿德莱德动物园发生多因素死亡事件和塔斯马尼亚初级产业、公园、水和环境部圈养繁殖设施塔里纳暴发绿脓杆菌败血症期间，从圈养的橙腹鹦鹉（Neophema chrysogastor）中被鉴定出来。这是首次在橙腹鹦鹉中发现腺病毒，也是澳大利亚首次报告 PsAdv-2。为了调查圈养橙腹鹦鹉中 PsAdv-2 的状况，使用巢式聚合酶链反应检测粪便和/或泄殖腔拭子中是否存在 PsAdv-2 DNA，对来自五个繁殖设施的 102 只健康鹦鹉进行了检查。此外，当 2016 年繁殖季节放飞的 8 只野鸟在迁徙前被捕获并圈养过冬时，也对它们进行了类似的测试。在所有繁殖设施以及从野外捕获的鸟类中均鉴定出 PsAdv-2。脱落的流行率为 29.7%至 76.5%，表明 PsAdv-2 在圈养橙腹鹦鹉种群中流行，并且野鸟可能已经接触过该病毒。在橙腹鹦鹉的泄殖腔拭子和粪便中均检测到 PsAdv-2 DNA，但对同一鸟类的两种样本进行检测表明，检测粪便比检测泄殖腔拭子更敏感。在阿德莱德动物园附近的鸟类饲养场中没有发现其他凤头鹦鹉物种携带 PsAdv-2。橙腹鹦鹉感染的来源尚未确定。在这项研究中，与不到 1 岁的鸟类相比，成年鸟类的腺病毒脱落流行率更高。初步数据还表明，繁殖群体中腺病毒脱落的流行率与雏鸟存活率之间存在相关性。
