State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 May 30;173:526-534. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.049. Epub 2019 Feb 26.
Indoor exposure to legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) may cause potential risks to human health. Studies on seasonal variations of indoor PM-bound BFRs are scant. This study comprehensively investigated the seasonal variations of PM-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and NBFRs in various indoor environments (i.e. activity room, dormitory, home and office) and outdoor PM in Beijing, China over one year. The levels of PBDE (226 ± 108 pg m) were higher than that of NBFRs (27.0 ± 16.0 pg m) in all indoor environments. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were the most abundant BFRs. Office showed the highest mean concentrations of ΣPBDEs (251 ± 125 pg m) and ΣNBFRs (33.0 ± 18.0 pg m), which may be related to the higher number density of indoor materials. The concentrations of ΣNBFRs and ΣPBDE in indoor PM were found to be significantly higher than those in the corresponding outdoor PM (p < 0.05). Two to twenty-fold seasonal variations were observed for levels of PM-bound BFRs during one year, and indoor concentrations increased slightly during the central-heating period (November 2016-March 2017). Seasonal variations of BFRs could be affected by temperature, relative humidity and concentrations of particle matters. The PM-bound BFRs concentrations in PM were negatively correlated with temperature and relative humidity, while positively correlated with PM concentrations (p < 0.05). Atmospheric haze pollution could possibly contribute to higher levels of indoor PM-bound BFRs. Human daily intake of BFRs via PM inhalation showed seasonal differences, and the highest exposure risk occurred in winter. Toddlers were assessed to be more vulnerable to indoor PM-bound BFRs in all seasons. This study provided the first-hand measurements of seasonal concentrations and human exposure to PM-bound BFRs in different indoor scenarios in Beijing.
室内暴露于传统和新型溴化阻燃剂（NBFRs）可能对人类健康造成潜在风险。关于室内 PM 结合型 BFRs 季节性变化的研究很少。本研究全面调查了中国北京一年中不同室内环境（活动房、宿舍、家庭和办公室）和室外 PM 中 PM 结合型多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和 NBFRs 的季节性变化。在所有室内环境中，PBDE（226±108pgm）的水平均高于 NBFRs（27.0±16.0pgm）。十溴二苯醚（BDE-209）和十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）是最丰富的 BFRs。办公室显示出ΣPBDEs（251±125pgm）和ΣNBFRs（33.0±18.0pgm）的平均浓度最高，这可能与室内材料的更高数量密度有关。室内 PM 中ΣNBFRs 和 ΣPBDE 的浓度明显高于相应的室外 PM（p<0.05）。在一年中，PM 结合型 BFRs 的水平观察到 2 到 20 倍的季节性变化，并且在集中供暖期间（2016 年 11 月至 2017 年 3 月）室内浓度略有增加。BFRs 的季节性变化可能受到温度、相对湿度和颗粒物浓度的影响。PM 结合型 BFRs 浓度与温度和相对湿度呈负相关，与 PM 浓度呈正相关（p<0.05）。大气霾污染可能导致室内 PM 结合型 BFRs 水平升高。通过 PM 吸入摄入 BFRs 的人体每日摄入量表现出季节性差异，冬季的暴露风险最高。在所有季节，幼儿被评估为对室内 PM 结合型 BFRs 更易受影响。本研究提供了北京不同室内场景中 PM 结合型 BFRs 季节性浓度和人体暴露的第一手测量数据。
