Effect of a Single or Double Soil Solarization to Control Verticillium Wilt in Established Olive Orchards in Spain.

Four soil solarization experiments were completed in three commercial olive orchards infested with Verticillium dahliae in southern Spain. Three of the experiments used lines of trees and one used individual plants. Plantations had different initial inoculum densities of the pathogen. Initial studies indicated that highly virulent (cotton-defoliating) isolates of the pathogen were present in Marinaleda (experiment I), which represents the first record of such isolates affecting olive trees in Europe. Solarization treatments were applied to lines of trees for either one (single) or two consecutive (double) years. Solarization significantly reduced pathogen populations in the top 20 cm of soil for at least 3 years in relation to control plots. Pathogen reduction after the single solarization obscured effects of the second solarization treatment. Decrease of inoculum density in soil by solarization did not correspond to a similar reduction in disease severity. Disease severity was reduced only in orchards with medium or high initial inoculum densities. A second soil solarization treatment did not improve the effect of single solarization on Verticillium wilt control. In orchards with low inoculum densities, soil solarization did not result in significant differences in disease incidence and severity, but improved recovery of trees from the disease. Soil-solarized plots remained free of weeds, but tress in solarized plots did not show significant growth increase measured by trunk perimeter.