Melittin: from honeybees to superbugs.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, dubbed superbugs, together with relative stagnation in developing efficient antibiotics has led to enormous health and economic problems, necessitating the need for discovering and developing novel antimicrobial agents. In this respect, animal venoms represent a rich repertoire of pharmacologically active components. As a major component in the venom of European honeybee Apis mellifera, melittin has a great potential in medical applications. In this mini-review, we summarize a multitude of studies on anti-bacterial effects of melittin against planktonic and biofilm-embedded bacteria. Several investigations regarding synergistic effects between melittin and antibiotics were also described. On the whole, the properties of melittin can open up new horizons in a range of biomedical areas, from agriculture to veterinary and clinical microbiology.