墨西哥职业与环境卫生状况。

Situation of Occupational and Environmental Health in Mexico.

机构信息

Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, MX.

Occupational Health, Graduate Studies Division, Faculty of Medicine, MX.

出版信息

Ann Glob Health. 2018 Aug 31;84(3):348-359. doi: 10.29024/aogh.2317.

DOI:10.29024/aogh.2317

PMID:30835374

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6748257/

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Mexico has a great diversity and richness of natural resources, but evaluations of the quality of life of Mexicans show the deep inequalities and the gap between rich and poor. While 5% of families concentrate 58% of the wealth, the health spending in environment and health is 0.2 and 2.7 of the GDP respectively. This has repercussions both on the gradual deterioration of the environment and on the insufficient health and social security coverage of the working population.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the current situation of occupational and environmental health in Mexico.

METHODS

A bibliographic review was performed on the socioeconomic, demographic, environmental, legal and health status of the Economically Active Population (EAP).

FINDINGS

There is a constant deterioration of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, accompanied by an increase in environmental pollution in large cities. The unemployment rate of the EAP has decreased in one year to 3.4%, but the informal labor rate reached 57.3%, which translates into population without social security. Compliance with legislation for the protection of workers' health is insufficient. The recent amendments to the law have meant a setback in these respects. The reported information on accidents and occupational diseases corresponds to only 34% of workers. There has been a decrease in the rate of work accidents in the last six years, but an increase in diseases and permanent disabilities. During 2016, the first cause of occupational illness was hearing loss, but the profile was dominated by musculoskeletal diseases, which together reached 36.5%.

CONCLUSIONS

To improve the occupational and environmental health situation, it is necessary to implement general and particular measures against inequalities, increase the budget in health and environment, enforce legislation and expand social security coverage to the population. These measures should be part of public policies as well as actions of academics and researchers.

摘要

背景

墨西哥拥有丰富多样的自然资源，但对墨西哥人生活质量的评估表明，这里存在着严重的不平等和贫富差距。5%的家庭集中了 58%的财富，而在环境和健康方面的支出仅分别占 GDP 的 0.2%和 2.7%。这不仅对环境的逐渐恶化产生了影响，也对工作人口的健康和社会保障覆盖不足产生了影响。

目的

描述墨西哥目前的职业和环境卫生状况。

方法

对经济活跃人口（EAP）的社会经济、人口、环境、法律和健康状况进行了文献回顾。

结果

陆地和海洋生态系统不断恶化，同时大城市的环境污染也在增加。EAP 的失业率在一年内下降到 3.4%，但非正规劳动力比例达到 57.3%，这意味着没有社会保障的人口。遵守保护工人健康的立法的情况不足。最近对法律的修订意味着在这些方面出现了倒退。报告的事故和职业病信息仅占工人的 34%。在过去的六年中，工作事故率有所下降，但疾病和永久性残疾的发生率有所上升。2016 年，职业性疾病的首要原因是听力损失，但主要还是肌肉骨骼疾病，共占 36.5%。