Othmer H G
School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Mol Sci. 2019 Jan-Feb;9(1). doi: 10.1002/wcms.1376. Epub 2018 Jul 19.
Movement requires force transmission to the environment, and motile cells are robustly, though not elegantly, designed nanomachines that often can cope with a variety of environmental conditions by altering the mode of force transmission used. As with humans, the available modes range from momentary attachment to a substrate when crawling, to shape deformations when swimming, and at the cellular level this involves sensing the mechanical properties of the environment and altering the mode appropriately. While many types of cells can adapt their mode of movement to their microenvironment (ME), our understanding of how they detect, transduce and process information from the ME to determine the optimal mode is still rudimentary. The shape and integrity of a cell is determined by its cytoskeleton (CSK), and thus the shape changes that may be required to move involve controlled remodeling of the CSK. Motion is often in response to extracellular signals, which requires the ability to detect such signals and transduce them into the shape changes and force generation needed for movement. Thus the nanomachine is complex, and while much is known about individual components involved in movement, an integrated understanding of motility in even simple cells such as bacteria is not at hand. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of cell motility and some of the problems remaining to be solved.
运动需要将力传递到环境中，而运动细胞是设计精巧的纳米机器，尽管并不完美，它们通常可以通过改变所使用的力传递模式来应对各种环境条件。与人类一样，可用的模式从爬行时短暂附着于基质，到游泳时的形状变形，在细胞水平上，这涉及感知环境的机械特性并适当地改变模式。虽然许多类型的细胞可以使其运动模式适应其微环境（ME），但我们对它们如何检测、转导和处理来自ME的信息以确定最佳模式的理解仍然很初级。细胞的形状和完整性由其细胞骨架（CSK）决定，因此移动可能需要的形状变化涉及CSK的受控重塑。运动通常是对细胞外信号的响应，这需要具备检测此类信号并将其转化为运动所需的形状变化和力产生的能力。因此，这种纳米机器很复杂，虽然我们对参与运动的各个组件了解很多，但即使是对像细菌这样的简单细胞的运动的综合理解也尚未实现。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了我们对细胞运动理解的最新进展以及一些有待解决的问题。
