Johns Hopkins University, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Johns Hopkins University, Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2019 Mar 14;9(2):613-663. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c170043.
Motor learning encompasses a wide range of phenomena, ranging from relatively low-level mechanisms for maintaining calibration of our movements, to making high-level cognitive decisions about how to act in a novel situation. We survey the major existing approaches to characterizing motor learning at both the behavioral and neural level. In particular, we critically review two long-standing paradigms used in motor learning research-adaptation and sequence learning. We discuss the extent to which these paradigms can be considered models of motor skill acquisition, defined as the incremental improvement in our ability to rapidly select and then precisely execute appropriate actions, and conclude that they fall short of doing so. We then discuss two classes of emerging research paradigms-learning of arbitrary visuomotor mappings de novo and learning to execute movements with improved acuity-that more effectively address the acquisition of motor skill. Future work will be needed to determine the degree to which laboratory-based studies of skill, as described in this review, will relate to true expertise, which is likely dependent on the effects of practice on multiple cognitive processes that go beyond traditional sensorimotor neural architecture. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:613-663, 2019.
运动学习涵盖了广泛的现象，从相对较低水平的机制来维持我们运动的校准，到在新情况下做出关于如何行动的高级认知决策。我们调查了在行为和神经水平上描述运动学习的主要现有方法。特别是，我们批判性地回顾了运动学习研究中使用的两个长期存在的范式——适应和序列学习。我们讨论了这些范式在多大程度上可以被视为运动技能获得的模型，定义为我们快速选择然后精确执行适当动作的能力的逐步提高，并得出结论，它们在这方面做得不够。然后，我们讨论了两类新兴的研究范式——从头开始学习任意的视觉运动映射和学习以提高精度来执行运动——更有效地解决了运动技能的获取问题。未来需要进一步的研究来确定本综述中描述的基于实验室的技能研究与真正的专业技能之间的关系，这可能取决于练习对超越传统感觉运动神经结构的多个认知过程的影响。©2019 美国生理学会。《综合生理学》9:613-663,2019.
