Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.
PLoS One. 2019 Mar 20;14(3):e0209125. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209125. eCollection 2019.
The Canary Islands' indigenous people have been the subject of substantial archaeological, anthropological, linguistic and genetic research pointing to a most probable North African Berber source. However, neither agreement about the exact point of origin nor a model for the indigenous colonization of the islands has been established. To shed light on these questions, we analyzed 48 ancient mitogenomes from 25 archaeological sites from the seven main islands. Most lineages observed in the ancient samples have a Mediterranean distribution, and belong to lineages associated with the Neolithic expansion in the Near East and Europe (T2c, J2a, X3a…). This phylogeographic analysis of Canarian ancient mitogenomes, the first of its kind, shows that some lineages are restricted to Central North Africa (H1cf, J2a2d and T2c1d3), while others have a wider distribution, including both West and Central North Africa, and, in some cases, Europe and the Near East (U6a1a1, U6a7a1, U6b, X3a, U6c1). In addition, we identify four new Canarian-specific lineages (H1e1a9, H4a1e, J2a2d1a and L3b1a12) whose coalescence dates correlate with the estimated time for the colonization of the islands (1st millennia CE). Additionally, we observe an asymmetrical distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in the ancient population, with certain haplogroups appearing more frequently in the islands closer to the continent. This reinforces results based on modern mtDNA and Y-chromosome data, and archaeological evidence suggesting the existence of two distinct migrations. Comparisons between insular populations show that some populations had high genetic diversity, while others were probably affected by genetic drift and/or bottlenecks. In spite of observing interinsular differences in the survival of indigenous lineages, modern populations, with the sole exception of La Gomera, are homogenous across the islands, supporting the theory of extensive human mobility after the European conquest.
加那利群岛的原住民一直是大量考古学、人类学、语言学和遗传学研究的主题，这些研究指向一个最有可能的北非柏柏尔源。然而，对于确切的起源点，以及原住民对岛屿殖民的模式，都没有达成一致意见。为了阐明这些问题，我们分析了来自七个主要岛屿的 25 个考古遗址的 48 个古代线粒体基因组。在古代样本中观察到的大多数谱系具有地中海分布，并且属于与近东和欧洲新石器时代扩张相关的谱系（T2c、J2a、X3a…）。对加那利群岛古代线粒体基因组的这种系统地理学分析，是首例此类分析，表明一些谱系仅限于中北非（H1cf、J2a2d 和 T2c1d3），而其他谱系的分布范围更广，包括北非西部和中部，并且在某些情况下还包括欧洲和近东（U6a1a1、U6a7a1、U6b、X3a、U6c1）。此外，我们确定了四个新的加那利群岛特异性谱系（H1e1a9、H4a1e、J2a2d1a 和 L3b1a12），它们的聚结日期与岛屿殖民化的估计时间（公元 1 世纪）相关。此外，我们观察到古代人口中 mtDNA 单倍群的不对称分布，某些单倍群在更接近大陆的岛屿上出现的频率更高。这加强了基于现代 mtDNA 和 Y 染色体数据以及考古证据的结果，这些结果表明存在两次不同的迁徙。对岛屿种群的比较表明，一些种群具有较高的遗传多样性，而其他种群可能受到遗传漂变和/或瓶颈的影响。尽管观察到了原住民谱系在岛屿间的生存差异，但现代种群在整个岛屿上都是同质的，除了拉戈梅拉岛之外，这支持了欧洲征服后广泛的人类流动理论。
