Winter David A, Feixas Guillem
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2019 Mar 6;10:412. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00412. eCollection 2019.
This article identifies common features of existing models of radicalization and deradicalization, such as the transition from uncertainty to certainty, before integrating these in a model based upon personal construct theory. It is proposed that the personal construct concepts of validation and invalidation are particularly relevant to processes of identity change such as radicalization and deradicalization. Thus, it is argued that radicalization occurs when major invalidation of an individual's construing is followed by the development of a new radicalized view of the world that provides a turning point in his or her sense of identity and a more structured and certain view of the world. There is likely to be seeking out of validation for this view in interactions with others who share similar views or by extorting evidence for the individual's radical constructions. These constructions are likely to involve extreme negative views of another group, by contrast to members of which, and possibly by taking extreme action against this group, the individual's new self-construction may become further defined. These same processes can be seen to operate in deradicalization, and it will therefore be argued that the model has implications for the development of deradicalization programs. A further advantage of the model is that it has an associated personal construct methodology, particularly repertory grid technique, that may be used to investigate processes of radicalization and deradicalization. As illustrations of such investigations, results will be summarized from a repertory grid study of Salafist Muslims in Tunisia, some of whom had returned from fighting in Syria, and an analysis of the writings of the Norwegian mass murderer Anders Breivik. The findings of these investigations are argued to be consistent with the personal construct model of radicalization and deradicalization.
本文识别了现有激进化和去激进化模型的共同特征，比如从不确定性到确定性的转变，然后将这些特征整合到一个基于个人建构理论的模型中。有人提出，个人建构中的验证和无效验证概念与身份转变过程（如激进化和去激进化）特别相关。因此，有人认为，当个体的建构遭到重大无效验证，随后形成一种新的激进世界观时，激进化就会发生，这种世界观为其身份感提供了一个转折点，并带来一种更结构化、更确定的世界观。在与持有相似观点的其他人互动中，或者通过为个人的激进建构索要证据，可能会寻求对这种观点的验证。与另一群体的成员形成对比，这些建构可能会涉及对该群体的极端负面看法，并且可能通过对该群体采取极端行动，个体的新自我建构可能会得到进一步界定。去激进化过程中也可以看到同样的这些过程，因此有人认为该模型对去激进化项目的开展具有启示意义。该模型的另一个优势在于它有相关的个人建构方法，尤其是 repertory grid 技术，可用于研究激进化和去激进化过程。作为此类研究的例证，将总结对突尼斯萨拉菲派穆斯林的 repertory grid 研究结果，其中一些人从叙利亚作战归来，以及对挪威大规模杀人犯安德斯·布雷维克著作的分析。这些研究的结果被认为与激进化和去激进化的个人建构模型一致。
