JQ1 effectively inhibits vasculogenic mimicry of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells via the ERK1/2-MMP-2/9 signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo.

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is an alternative type of blood and nutrition supply that is associated with more aggressive tumor biology and increased cancer-related mortality. However, the clinical implications of VM remain unclear in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of VM in PDAC patients and to seek a novel and more efficient treatment strategy by targeting this unique process. Here, cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34)/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) double-staining of 76 PDAC clinical specimens revealed that VM expression was related to clinical stage (P=0.049) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.023). Notably, VM expression was correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with PDAC. Additionally, we discovered that there was a positive correlation between the expressions of VM and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) in 76 clinical samples (P<0.001). Moreover, our results further indicated that treatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 effectively blocked VM formation by repressing the production of p-ERK1/2-MMP-2/9, which have been established as classical markers of VM. Further, JQ1, a bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor, also exerted significant inhibitory efficiency against VM formation by decreasing the activation of ERK1/2-MMP-2/9. In conclusion, our work suggests that VM is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with PDAC and that JQ1 can inhibit VM formation via the ERK1/2-MMP-2/9 signaling pathway.