Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 May 10;664:1107-1116. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.426. Epub 2019 Feb 1.
From 2nd April 2008 to 28th March 2009, a total 248 daily samples of the PM and PM were collected every sixth day parallel at two suburban sites (Libuš and Suchdol) located at the two opposite sides (south and north, respectively) of Prague, Czech Republic. The PM samples were analyzed for ions by ion chromatography (IC), organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) by OC/EC analyzer and PM samples also for 56 elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average annual PM and PM was 24.4 ± 13.0 μg m and 26.7 ± 15.1 μg m, respectively, in Prague-Libuš, and 25.1 ± 22.1 μg m and 27.1 ± 23.2 μg m, respectively, in Prague-Suchdol. Since the species forming large part of the aerosol mass were strongly correlated (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r > 0.80), the variability of PM and PM concentration was mainly driven by the local meteorology or regional and/or long range transport. PM mass closure was calculated based on analytical results with the average percentage of recalculated mass of 77 ± 19% in Prague-Libuš and 86 ± 16% in Prague-Suchdol. The most abundant groups in PM at both sites during the four seasons were OM (Prague-Libuš 34% and Prague-Suchdol 37%) and SIA (Prague-Libuš 30% and Prague-Suchdol 34%). The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to the chemical composition of PM from both sites (124 samples) together to determine its sources. The nine factors were assigned as: mixed factor secondary sulphate and biomass burning, secondary sulphate, traffic, secondary nitrate, road dust, residential heating, aged sea salt, industry and mixed factor road salt along with aged sea salt. According to the polar plots and ventilation index (VI) east/west classification analysis the sources were separated based on origin to four categories local, urban agglomeration, regional and long range transport (LRT). The mixed source secondary sulphate and biomass burning, residential heating and industry were common sources of local origin at both sites. Prague-Suchdol was influenced by traffic related pollution from the urban agglomeration more than Prague-Libuš where the traffic and road dust/salt were of local origin. The regional pollution by secondary sulphates and nitrate was also relevant at both sites along with long range transport of sea salt from North Atlantic Ocean, Norwegian Sea and North Sea. The contribution of the local sources to PM was significant mainly at Prague-Libuš site. However, the sources of regional origin were also important and influence of urban agglomeration pollution to PM is not negligible as well.
从 2008 年 4 月 2 日至 2009 年 3 月 28 日，在捷克共和国布拉格的两个郊区地点（利布什和苏希多）每隔六天平行采集了总计 248 个每日 PM 和 PM 样本。PM 样本通过离子色谱（IC）分析离子，通过 OC/EC 分析仪分析有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC），通过电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析 PM 样本中的 56 种元素。在布拉格利布什，PM 和 PM 的年均浓度分别为 24.4±13.0μg/m 和 26.7±15.1μg/m，在布拉格苏希多，分别为 25.1±22.1μg/m 和 27.1±23.2μg/m。由于形成气溶胶质量的大部分物质具有很强的相关性（Spearman 秩相关系数 r>0.80），因此 PM 和 PM 浓度的变化主要由当地气象条件或区域和/或长距离传输驱动。根据分析结果计算了 PM 质量的闭合度，布拉格利布什的重新计算质量百分比平均为 77±19%，布拉格苏希多的为 86±16%。在四个季节中，两个地点的 PM 中最丰富的组分为 OM（布拉格利布什 34%，布拉格苏希多 37%）和 SIA（布拉格利布什 30%，布拉格苏希多 34%）。对来自两个地点（124 个样本）的 PM 化学组成应用了正矩阵因子分解（PMF），以确定其来源。确定了九个因素：混合二次硫酸盐和生物质燃烧源、二次硫酸盐源、交通源、二次硝酸盐源、道路尘源、居民采暖源、陈旧海盐源、工业源和混合道路盐与陈旧海盐源。根据极坐标图和通风指数（VI）东西分类分析，根据来源将源分为四类：本地源、城市群源、区域源和长距离传输源（LRT）。混合二次硫酸盐和生物质燃烧源、居民采暖源和工业源是两个地点本地源的共同来源。与利布什相比，苏希多受到城市群交通相关污染的影响更大，而利布什的交通和道路尘/盐则来自本地。两个地点的二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐的区域污染以及北大西洋、挪威海和北海的长距离海盐传输也很重要。本地源对 PM 的贡献主要发生在利布什地点。然而，区域来源的源也很重要，城市群污染对 PM 的影响也不容忽视。
