Rodríguez-Bermúdez Ruth, Miranda Marta, Baudracco Javier, Fouz Ramiro, Pereira Victor, López-Alonso Marta
Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria,Universidade de Santiago de Compostela,27002 Lugo,Spain.
Departamento de Anatomía, Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria,Universidade de Santiago de Compostela,27002 Lugo,Spain.
J Dairy Res. 2019 Feb;86(1):3-12. doi: 10.1017/S0022029919000141.
Organic farming is believed by many to be an environmentally friendly production system that promotes the use of local forage while strongly limiting the input of chemicals, including allopathic treatments. As organic dairy farming has grown, farmers have realised that many available conventional breeds of cow are not well adapted to the new situations and that more 'robust' cows, able to function well in the constraining organic environment, are needed to yield acceptable longevity and productivity. In this review paper, the current breed diversity in organic dairy farming is analysed with the aim of identifying the types of cow that would best fulfil organic breeding goals. Unlike the conventional sector, organic dairy farming is very heterogeneous and no single type of cow can adapt well to all scenarios. There are advantages and disadvantages to the use of existing breeds (rustic Holstein-Friesian, other rustic breeds and crosses), and strong genotype × environment interactions demand different strategies for very diverse situations. Organic dairy farms producing milk for systems that recompense milk volume would benefit from using higher milk yielding cows, and rustic Holstein-Friesian cows may be the best option in such cases. Although most Holstein-Friesian cows are currently selected for use in conventional systems, this situation could be reversed by the implementation of an organic merit index that includes organic breeding goals. Farms producing milk either for systems that recompense milk solids or for transformation into dairy products would benefit from using breeds other than Holstein-Friesian or their crosses. Organic farmers who focus on rural tourism, farm schools or other businesses in which marketing strategies must be taken into account could benefit from using local breeds (when possible) or other rustic breeds that are highly valued by consumers.
许多人认为有机农业是一种环境友好型生产系统，它提倡使用本地草料，同时严格限制包括对抗疗法在内的化学品投入。随着有机奶牛养殖的发展，农民们意识到许多现有的传统奶牛品种并不适应新的情况，需要更“健壮”的奶牛，以便在受限的有机环境中良好运作，从而实现可接受的寿命和生产力。在这篇综述论文中，分析了有机奶牛养殖中当前的品种多样性，目的是确定最能实现有机育种目标的奶牛类型。与传统领域不同，有机奶牛养殖非常多样化，没有单一类型的奶牛能很好地适应所有情况。使用现有品种（质朴的荷斯坦 - 弗里生牛、其他质朴品种和杂交品种）有优点也有缺点，而且强大的基因型×环境相互作用要求针对非常多样化的情况采取不同策略。为按牛奶产量给予补偿的系统生产牛奶的有机奶牛场，使用产奶量更高的奶牛会受益，在这种情况下，质朴的荷斯坦 - 弗里生奶牛可能是最佳选择。尽管目前大多数荷斯坦 - 弗里生奶牛是为传统系统选育的，但通过实施包含有机育种目标的有机优良指数，这种情况可能会逆转。为按乳固体给予补偿的系统生产牛奶或用于加工成乳制品的农场，使用荷斯坦 - 弗里生牛以外的品种或其杂交品种会受益。专注于乡村旅游、农场学校或其他必须考虑营销策略的业务的有机农民，使用本地品种（如果可能）或消费者高度重视的其他质朴品种可能会受益。
