School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1120:39-53. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-06070-1_4.
Anatomy forms the basis of clinical examination, surgery and radiology and it is therefore essential that a fundamental understanding of the key concepts, structures and their relationships is gained by medical and healthcare students during their undergraduate training. Anatomy involves the study of three dimensional entities relating to the human body itself and its constituent structures. In our experience, the appreciation of 3D concepts is one of the most demanding areas for medical student learning of anatomy (ben Awadh et al. 2018, unpublished observations). The ability to interpret 3D anatomical features in 2D cross-sectional clinical images can be troublesome, while the dynamic nature of embryological development is a further challenge.The aim of introducing technology enhanced-learning (TEL) approaches into our practice is with a view to enhancing undergraduate medical student learning of clinically relevant anatomy. Here we will explore the importance of visualisation and visual learning in anatomy as a scholarly basis for the integration for TEL approaches. We will then describe examples of visualisation technologies that are currently being implemented within the School of Medical Education at Newcastle University based on a research informed understanding of how students learn anatomy. We will consider the available evidence that supports best practice, identify limitations where they arise, and discuss how these visual 3D learning technologies can be effectively utilised as adjuncts and self-directed resources to supplement more established approaches to undergraduate anatomy education.
解剖学是临床检查、手术和放射学的基础，因此，医学生和医疗保健学生在本科培训期间必须获得对关键概念、结构及其关系的基本理解。解剖学涉及对与人体本身及其组成结构相关的三维实体的研究。根据我们的经验，三维概念的理解是医学生学习解剖学最具挑战性的领域之一（Ben Awadh 等人，2018 年，未发表的观察结果）。在二维横截面临床图像中解释三维解剖特征的能力可能会有困难，而胚胎发育的动态性质则是另一个挑战。将技术增强学习（TEL）方法引入我们实践的目的是增强医学生对临床相关解剖学的学习。在这里，我们将探讨可视化和视觉学习在解剖学中的重要性，作为 TEL 方法整合的学术基础。然后，我们将描述纽卡斯尔大学医学院目前正在实施的可视化技术示例，这些示例基于对学生如何学习解剖学的研究知情理解。我们将考虑支持最佳实践的现有证据，确定出现的局限性，并讨论如何有效地利用这些可视化三维学习技术作为补充，以补充更成熟的本科解剖学教育方法。
