POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany; International HCH and Pesticide Association, Holte, Denmark.
International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN), Gothenburg, Sweden.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Jun;249:703-715. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.066. Epub 2019 Mar 20.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PCDD/Fs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are among the most important and hazardous pollutants of soil. Food producing animals such as chicken, beef, sheep and goats can take up soil while grazing or living outdoors (free-range) and this can result in contamination. In recent decades, large quantities of brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) have been produced and released into the environment and this has resulted in widespread contamination of soils and other environmental matrices. These POPs also bioaccumulate and can contaminate food of animal origin resulting in indirect exposure of humans. Recent assessments of chicken and beef have shown that surprisingly low concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in soil can result in exceedances of regulatory limits in food. Soil contamination limits have been established in a number of countries for PCDD/Fs but it has been shown that the contamination levels which result in regulatory limits in food (the maximum levels in the European Union) being exceeded, are below all the existing soil regulatory limits. 'Safe' soil levels are exceeded in many areas around emission sources of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. On the other hand, PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB levels in soil in rural areas, without a contamination source, are normally safe for food producing animals housed outdoors resulting in healthy food (e.g. meat, eggs, milk). For the majority of POPs (e.g. PBDEs, PFOS, PFOA, SCCP) no regulatory limits in soils exist. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop appropriate and protective soil standards minimising human exposure from food producing animals housed outdoors. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to eliminate POPs pollution sources for soils and to control, secure and remediate contaminated sites and reservoirs, in order to reduce exposure and guarantee food safety.
持久性有机污染物（POPs）包括多氯二苯并对二恶英/呋喃（PCDD/Fs）、多氯联苯（PCBs）和有机氯农药（OCPs），是土壤中最重要和最危险的污染物之一。鸡、牛、羊等食用动物在放牧或户外（自由放养）生活时会摄入土壤，这可能导致污染。近几十年来，大量的溴系阻燃剂如多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）、短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）和全氟及多氟烷基物质（PFAS）被生产并释放到环境中，导致土壤和其他环境基质广泛污染。这些 POPs 也会生物积累，并可能污染动物源性食品，从而导致人类的间接暴露。最近对鸡肉和牛肉的评估表明，土壤中 PCBs 和 PCDD/Fs 的浓度即使很低，也可能导致食品中超过监管限制。一些国家已经为 PCDD/Fs 制定了土壤污染限制，但事实证明，导致食品中监管限制（欧盟的最高限量）被超过的污染水平，低于所有现有的土壤监管限制。在 PCDD/Fs 和多氯联苯的排放源周围的许多地区，“安全”的土壤水平都被超过。另一方面，在没有污染来源的农村地区，土壤中的 PCDD/F 和类二恶英 PCB 水平通常对户外饲养的食用动物是安全的，从而产生健康的食品（如肉、蛋、奶）。对于大多数 POPs（如 PBDEs、PFOS、PFOA、SCCP），土壤中不存在监管限制。因此，迫切需要制定适当的保护土壤标准，最大限度地减少户外饲养的食用动物对人类的暴露。此外，还迫切需要消除土壤的 POPs 污染源，控制、保障和修复污染场地和储存库，以减少暴露并保证食品安全。
