Pessimism predicts anxiety and depression in breast cancer survivors: A 5-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the prevalence of anxiety and depression at diagnosis and at 1, 3, and 5 years after breast cancer diagnosis. We hypothesized that a low level of optimism (pessimism) at diagnosis could predict change in anxiety and depression 5 years later.

METHODS

Three hundred sixty-seven women with operable breast cancer were included, and data were collected at all five-time points for 293 of these. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Dispositional optimism/pessimism was measured using the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Frequency analysis was used to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression. Logistic regression was used to examine dispositional optimism/pessimism as a predictor of change in anxiety and depression 5 years after diagnosis.

RESULTS

The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression 5 years after diagnosis were 26.3% and 9.6%, respectively. Predictors of change in anxiety 5 years after diagnosis were pessimism (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-0.89, P < .001); younger age (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.99, P = .005); and anxiety at diagnosis (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.33-4.37, P = .004). Predictors of change in depression 5 years after diagnosis were pessimism (OR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.77-0.94, P < .001) and comorbidity (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.10-2.06, P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Anxiety and depression did not decrease after the first postoperative year. Pessimism was a predictor of change in both anxiety and depression 5 years after breast cancer diagnosis.